scholarly journals Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: enhancing the degradation of angiotensin II as a potential therapy for diabetic nephropathy

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 520-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Batlle ◽  
Jan Wysocki ◽  
Maria J. Soler ◽  
Keerthi Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

scholarly journals Pathological Role of Angiotensin II in Severe COVID-19

TH Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. e138-e144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Miesbach
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe activated renin–angiotensin system induces a prothrombotic state resulting from the imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Angiotensin II is the central effector molecule of the activated renin–angiotensin system and is degraded by the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to angiotensin (1–7). The novel coronavirus infection (classified as COVID-19) is caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and is characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response that can lead to severe manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and death in a proportion of patients, mostly elderly patients with preexisting comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor to enter the target cells, resulting in activation of the renin–angiotensin system. After downregulating the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II is increasingly produced and its counterregulating molecules angiotensin (1–7) reduced. Angiotensin II increases thrombin formation and impairs fibrinolysis. Elevated levels were strongly associated with viral load and lung injury in patients with severe COVID-19. Therefore, the complex clinical picture of patients with severe complications of COVID-19 is triggered by the various effects of highly expressed angiotensin II on vasculopathy, coagulopathy, and inflammation. Future treatment options should focus on blocking the thrombogenic and inflammatory properties of angiotensin II in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Targeting the Degradation of Angiotensin II With Recombinant Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2

Hypertension ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wysocki ◽  
Minghao Ye ◽  
Eva Rodriguez ◽  
Francisco R. González-Pacheco ◽  
Clara Barrios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

P0527HYPERGLYCEMIA-ASSOCIATED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY INCREASES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TOWARDS NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION: ROLE OF ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 2 RECEPTOR AND ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Sharma ◽  
Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Abstract Background and Aims In clinical settings, diabetics remain on higher risk of ischemic renal injury (IRI) than nondiabetic patients. In addition, IRI predisposes distant organs to dysfunction such as neurological impairments via activation of the pressor arm of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In contrast, the role of depressor arm of RAS on IRI-associated neurological sequalae remains elusive. Hence, this study explored the role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in IRI-associated neurological dysfunctions under nondiabetic (ND) and diabetes mellitus (DM) condition. Method Type 1 diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p.). ND and DM rats with bilateral IRI were treated with AT2R agonist-Compound 21 (C21) (0.3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or ACE2 activator-Diminazene Aceturate (Dize), (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) per se or in combination therapy. Behavioural, biochemical, and histopathological analysis were done to assess IRI-induced neurological impairment. Moreover, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and qRT-PCR experiments were conducted for molecular mechanism analysis. Result In ND and DM rats, IRI caused hippocampal complications as evidenced by increased MDA and nitrite levels, augmented inflammatory cytokines (granulocyte colony stimulating factor, glial fibrillary acidic protein), altered protein and mRNA expressions of Ang II, Ang-(1-7), AT1R, AT2R and MasR. In contrast, concomitant therapy of C21 and Dize effectively normalised aforementioned hippocampal alterations. The protective effect of combination therapy was exerted due to augmented protein and mRNA levels of depressor arm components. Conclusion The current study demonstrated the protective role of AT2R agonist and ACE2 activator in IRI-associated neurological dysfunction through preventing oxidative stress, inflammation and upregulating brain depressor arm of RAS under ND and DM conditions.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 as a Possible Correlation between COVID-19 and Periodontal Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mancini ◽  
Vincenzo Quinzi ◽  
Stefano Mummolo ◽  
Giuseppe Marzo ◽  
Enrico Marchetti
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cell Functions

SARS-CoV-2 propagation in the world has led to rapid growth and an acceleration in the discoveries and publications of various interests. The main focus of a consistent number of studies has been the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in binding the virus and its role in expression of the inflammatory response after transmission. ACE2 is an enzyme involved in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), whose key role is to regulate and counter angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), reducing the amount of angiotensin II and increasing angiotensin 1–7 (Ang1–7), making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases. The classical RAS axis, formed by ACE, angiotensin II (Ang II), and angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1), activates several cell functions and molecular signalling pathways related to tissue injury and inflammation. In contrast, the RAS axis composed of ACE2, Ang1–7, and Mas receptor (MasR) exerts the opposite effect concerning the inflammatory response and tissue fibrosis. Recent studies have shown the presence of the RAS system in periodontal sites where osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts are involved in bone remodelling, suggesting that the role of ACE2 might have a fundamental function in the under- or overexpression of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), associated with a periodontal disorder, mainly during coinfection with SARS-CoV-2, where ACE2 is underexpressed and cannot form the ACE2–Ang1–7–MasR axis. This renders the patient unresponsive to an inflammatory process, facilitating periodontal loss.

scholarly journals Advances in biochemical and functional roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1–7) in regulation of cardiovascular function

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (6) ◽  
pp. H2281-H2290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Ferrario ◽  
Aaron J. Trask ◽  
Jewell A. Jessup
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Integral Membrane Protein ◽  
Type I ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Basic Residue ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Potent Vasoconstrictor

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the first human homologue of ACE to be described. ACE2 is a type I integral membrane protein that functions as a carboxypeptidase, cleaving a single hydrophobic/basic residue from the COOH-terminus of its substrates. Because ACE2 efficiently hydrolyzes the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II to angiotensin (1–7), this has changed our overall perspective about the classical view of the renin angiotensin system in the regulation of hypertension and heart and renal function, because it represents the first example of a feedforward mechanism directed toward mitigation of the actions of angiotensin II. This paper reviews the new data regarding the biochemistry of angiotensin-(1–7)-forming enzymes and discusses key findings such as the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms participating in the expression of ACE2 and angiotensin-(1–7) in the control of the circulation.

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