In vitro sperm production from mouse spermatogonial stem cell lines using an organ culture method

Pluripotent cells in embryos are situated near the apex of the hierarchy of developmental potential. They are capable of generating all cell types of the mammalian body proper. Therefore, they are the exemplar of stem cells. In vivo, pluripotent cells exist transiently and become expended within a few days of their establishment. Yet, when explanted into artificial culture conditions, they can be indefinitely propagated in vitro as pluripotent stem cell lines. A host of transcription factors and regulatory genes are now known to underpin the pluripotent state. Nonetheless, how pluripotent cells are equipped with their vast multilineage differentiation potential remains elusive. Consensus holds that pluripotency transcription factors prevent differentiation by inhibiting the expression of differentiation genes. However, this does not explain the developmental potential of pluripotent cells. We have presented another emergent perspective, namely, that pluripotency factors function as lineage specifiers that enable pluripotent cells to differentiate into specific lineages, therefore endowing pluripotent cells with their multilineage potential. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the developmental biology, transcription factors, and extrinsic signaling associated with pluripotent cells, and their accompanying subtypes, in vitro heterogeneity and chromatin states. Although much has been learned since the appreciation of mammalian pluripotency in the 1950s and the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines in 1981, we will specifically emphasize what currently remains unclear. However, the view that pluripotency factors capacitate differentiation, recently corroborated by experimental evidence, might perhaps address the long-standing question of how pluripotent cells are endowed with their multilineage differentiation potential.

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Towards consistent generation of pancreatic lineage progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2014.0365 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 370 (1680) ◽

pp. 20140365 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Maria Rostovskaya ◽

Nicholas Bredenkamp ◽

Austin Smith

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Type I ◽

Pancreatic Progenitors ◽

Stem Cell Lines

Human pluripotent stem cells can in principle be used as a source of any differentiated cell type for disease modelling, drug screening, toxicology testing or cell replacement therapy. Type I diabetes is considered a major target for stem cell applications due to the shortage of primary human beta cells. Several protocols have been reported for generating pancreatic progenitors by in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Here we first assessed one of these protocols on a panel of pluripotent stem cell lines for capacity to engender glucose sensitive insulin-producing cells after engraftment in immunocompromised mice. We observed variable outcomes with only one cell line showing a low level of glucose response. We, therefore, undertook a systematic comparison of different methods for inducing definitive endoderm and subsequently pancreatic differentiation. Of several protocols tested, we identified a combined approach that robustly generated pancreatic progenitors in vitro from both embryo-derived and induced pluripotent stem cells. These findings suggest that, although there are intrinsic differences in lineage specification propensity between pluripotent stem cell lines, optimal differentiation procedures may consistently direct a substantial fraction of cells into pancreatic specification.

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Isolation, Establishment and In Vitro Differentiation Potential of Three Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lines From Caesaerian Section

Fertility and Sterility ◽

10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1195 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 84 ◽

pp. S456-S457

Author(s):

O. Akcin ◽

N. Findikli ◽

S. Kahraman ◽

Z. Candan

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽

Cell Lines ◽

In Vitro Differentiation ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Stem Cell Lines

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Derivation of new human embryonic stem cell lines reveals rapid epigenetic progression in vitro that can be prevented by chemical modification of chromatin

Human Molecular Genetics ◽

10.1093/hmg/ddr506 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 751-764 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Silvia V. Diaz Perez ◽

Rachel Kim ◽

Ziwei Li ◽

Victor E. Marquez ◽

Sanjeet Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Chemical Modification ◽

Embryonic Stem Cell ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Human Embryonic Stem Cell ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Stem Cell Lines

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Epigenetic regulation in stem cell development, cell fate conversion, and reprogramming

BioMolecular Concepts ◽

10.1515/bmc-2014-0036 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kazuyuki Ohbo ◽

Shin-ichi Tomizawa

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Transcription Factors ◽

Cell Fate ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Cell Fate Decisions ◽

Micro Rnas ◽

Stem Cell Lines ◽

Cell Fate Conversion

AbstractStem cells are identified classically by an in vivo transplantation assay plus additional characterization, such as marker analysis, linage-tracing and in vitro/ex vivo differentiation assays. Stem cell lines have been derived, in vitro, from adult tissues, the inner cell mass (ICM), epiblast, and male germ stem cells, providing intriguing insight into stem cell biology, plasticity, heterogeneity, metastable state, and the pivotal point at which stem cells irreversibly differentiate to non-stem cells. During the past decade, strategies for manipulating cell fate have revolutionized our understanding about the basic concept of cell differentiation: stem cell lines can be established by introducing transcription factors, as with the case for iPSCs, revealing some of the molecular interplay of key factors during the course of phenotypic changes. In addition to de-differentiation approaches for establishing stem cells, another method has been developed whereby induced expression of certain transcription factors and/or micro RNAs artificially converts differentiated cells from one committed lineage to another; notably, these cells need not transit through a stem/progenitor state. The molecular cues guiding such cell fate conversion and reprogramming remain largely unknown. As differentiation and de-differentiation are directly linked to epigenetic changes, we overview cell fate decisions, and associated gene and epigenetic regulations.

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SOX17 Is Not Required for the Derivation and Maintenance of Mouse Extraembryonic Endoderm Stem Cell Lines

10.1101/2022.01.09.475525 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Xudong Dong ◽

Ailing Ding ◽

Jiangwei Lin

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Cell Lineage ◽

Preimplantation Embryos ◽

Primitive Endoderm ◽

Extraembryonic Endoderm ◽

Gene Expression Analyses ◽

Stem Cell Lines

Extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cell lines can be derived and maintained in vitro and reflect the primitive endoderm cell lineage. SOX17 is thought to be required for the derivation and maintenance of mouse XEN cell lines. Here we have re-evaluated this requirement for SOX17. We derived multiple SOX17-deficient XEN cell lines from preimplantation embryos of a SOX17-Cre knockout strain and chemically converted multiple SOX17-deficient embryonic stem cell lines into XEN cell lines by transient culturing with retinoic acid and Activin A. We confirmed the XEN profile of SOX17-deficient cell lines by immunofluorescence with various markers, by NanoString gene expression analyses, and by their contribution to the extraembryonic endoderm of chimeric embryos produced by injecting these cells into blastocysts. Thus, SOX17 is not required for the derivation and maintenance of XEN cell lines.

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