scholarly journals Lack of direct involvement of a diazepam long-term treatment in the occurrence of irreversible cognitive impairment: a pre-clinical approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Carton ◽  
Candice Niot ◽  
Maéva Kyheng ◽  
Maud Petrault ◽  
Charlotte Laloux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractSeveral observational studies have found a link between the long-term use of benzodiazepines and dementia, which remains controversial. Our study was designed to assess (i) whether the long-term use of benzodiazepines, at two different doses, has an irreversible effect on cognition, (ii) and whether there is an age-dependent effect. One hundred and five C57Bl/6 male mice were randomly assigned to the 15 mg/kg/day, the 30 mg/kg/day diazepam-supplemented pellets, or the control group. Each group comprised mice aged 6 or 12 months at the beginning of the experiments and treated for 16 weeks. Two sessions of behavioral assessment were conducted: after 8 weeks of treatment and after treatment completion following a 1-week wash-out period. The mid-treatment test battery included the elevated plus maze test, the Y maze spontaneous alternation test, and the open field test. The post-treatment battery was upgraded with three additional tests: the novel object recognition task, the Barnes maze test, and the touchscreen-based paired-associated learning task. At mid-treatment, working memory was impaired in the 15 mg/kg diazepam group compared to the control group (p = 0.005). No age effect was evidenced. The post-treatment assessment of cognitive functions (working memory, visual recognition memory, spatial reference learning and memory, and visuospatial memory) did not significantly differ between groups. Despite a cognitive impact during treatment, the lack of cognitive impairment after long-term treatment discontinuation suggests that benzodiazepines alone do not cause irreversible deleterious effects on cognitive functions and supports the interest of discontinuation in chronically treated patients.

Benefits of training working memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: specific and transfer effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Carretti ◽  
Erika Borella ◽  
Silvia Fostinelli ◽  
Michela Zavagnin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Memory Problems

ABSTRACTBackground:A growing number of studies are attempting to understand how effective cognitive interventions may be for patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), particularly in relation to their memory problems.Methods:The present study aimed to explore the benefits of a working memory (WM) training program in aMCI patients. Patients (N= 20) were randomly assigned to two training programs: the experimental group practiced with a verbal WM task, while the active control group conducted educational activities on memory.Results:Results showed that the aMCI patients completing the WM training obtained specific gains in the task trained with some transfer effects on other WM measures (visuospatial WM) and on processes involved in or related to WM, e.g. fluid intelligence (the Cattell test) and long-term memory. This was not the case for the aMCI control group, who experienced only a very limited improvement.Conclusion:This pilot study suggests that WM training could be a valuable method for improving cognitive performance in aMCI patients, possibly delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease.

scholarly journals Administration of ziprasidone for 10 days increases cocaine toxicity in mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Heard ◽  
S Krier ◽  
NR Zahniser
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Antipsychotic ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Neurotransmitter Receptors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Survival ◽  
Cocaine Toxicity

Long-term treatment with antipsychotic medications alters the regional density of several of the neurotransmitter receptors that mediate cocaine toxicity. However, the effect of either up- or down-regulation of the neurotransmitter receptors on cocaine toxicity is unknown. In this study, we determined if subacute administration of the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone altered the toxic effects of cocaine in mice. Ziprasidone (4 mg/kg) or placebo was administered to the first two groups of CF-1 mice for 10 days and, then on day 10, an estimated LD50 dose of cocaine (102 mg/kg) was given to these mice. In a third group, in order to produce a ziprasidone withdrawal state, we administered ziprasidone for 10 days, followed by no treatment for 2 days before cocaine administration. There was no significant difference among the three groups in overall survival: 63% in the treatment group, 60% in the withdrawal group, and 80% in the placebo group. Survival time was significantly shorter for the withdrawal group than for the control group. Our study may have been limited by lower than expected serum ziprasidone concentrations and lower than expected lethality from cocaine. However, our findings suggest that administration of an atypical antipsychotic for 10 days may increase the toxic effects of cocaine.

Current clinical evidence on endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) from randomised trials

Phlebologie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (04) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rass
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
High Ligation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foam Sclerotherapy ◽  
Endovenous Laser Ablation ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Long Term Treatment

SummaryBackground Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is globally counted among the most frequently administered methods to treat saphenous vein incompetence. Technical development proceeded in three particular steps: EVLA #1 – Diode lasers linearly emitting wavelengths from 810 to 980 nm through optical bare fibres; EVLA #2 – Diode or Nd:YAG lasers emitting wavelengths from 1064 to 1500 nm; EVLA #3 – Modified optical fibres warranting an optimised emission geometry by centralisation of the fibre tip (Tulip-fibre, Jacket-tip) or radial emission of the laser beam. Due to the number of different EVLA techniques their value compared with standard surgery (high ligation and stripping, HLS) and other endovascular approaches has to be questioned.Methods Selective literature analysis based on a systematic PubMed search focussed on randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing EVLA with HLS and other thermal or nonthermal ablation techniques – radiofrequency ablation (RFA), ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS), endothermal steam ablation (EStA).Results The search terms “endovenous”, “laser”, “varicose vein” resulted in 509 publications, hereof 57 RCTs, hereof 24 randomised studies comparing EVLA with other treatment approaches: 15 studies comprise comparisons with standard surgery and further 9 studies with other endovenous techniques. 6 RCTs contain long-term followup data on EVLA #1 vs. HLS suggesting superiority of HLS in terms of same site clinical and duplex detected recurrence from the groin. 15 RCTs are reporting short-term results clearly demonstrating inferiority of EVLA #1 against EVLA #2, EVLA #3, and RFA with respect to postoperative complaints and patients’ quality of life.Conclusions The first generation endovenous laser systems are disadvantageous or even harmful as compared with more advanced EVLA techniques and RFA in terms of patients’ complaints and side effects. Furthermore, evidence is rising that EVLA #1 is inferior to standard surgery regarding long-term treatment efficacy. Therefore, the application of EVLA #1 in the treatment of saphenous vein incompetence cannot be recommended any longer. In view of the more recently published RCTs reporting long-term superiority of standard surgery, HLS should still be implemented as control group in studies investigating endovenous treatment approaches.

Galantamine in long-term treatment formild cognitive impairment: Efficacy and safety

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1296-1296
Author(s):  
J. Zarra ◽  
L. Schmidt ◽  
B. Grecco
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cognitive Disorder ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Global Deterioration Scale ◽  
Long Term Treatment

IntroductionTo evaluate the efficacy of galantamine in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. So there is a possible benefit in the deficit in executive and cognitive cerebral function (cholinergic system) with treatment with Galantamine.PurposeGalantamine is a reversible, competitive cholinesterasa inhibitor that also allosterically modulates nicotine acetylcholine receptors. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for hydrolisis of acetylcholine at the cholinergic cognitive impairment. To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of galantamine in long-term in Mild Cognitive Disorder.MethodsA multicenter, open label, prospective, observational study enrolled 1028 patients, more 55 years old with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (DSM IV criteria), during 30 months of treatment with galantamine 16 mg./day. Assessments included the MMSE, CDR, ADAS-GOG, FAQ, GCI, Trail making test, Global Deterioration Scale, and UKU scale of Adverse Effects.ResultsA total 1028 outpatients were treated with 16 mg./day galantamine during 30 months, the therapeutic response evaluated with CDR, MMSE and the tests and scales of function cognitive measuring, GCI and UKU scale of adverse effects, comparing the baseline to final scores.ConclusionMild Cognitive Disorder is being examined, so there aren’t enought treatment for this. A long-term treatment (30 months) galantamine improves cognition and global function, behavioural symptoms and the general state well being of patients with MCD. With incidence of adverse effects not significant and a very good profile of safety, the final results of the study suggest that galantamine may be particularly appropiate in the Mild Cognitive Disorder.

scholarly journals Long-term indapamide retard therapy in adolescents with Stage I arterial hypertension

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
I. V. Logacheva ◽  
E. A. Gunicheva
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Aim. To study the dynamics of office blood pressure (BP) levels, autonomic balance, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodelling in adolescents with Stage I arterial hypertension (AH), treated with indapamide retard (IR). Material and methods. In total, the study included 41 adolescent boys, aged 16-18 years, with Stage I AH (main group, MG), and 27 healthy adolescents (control group, CG). The MG participants received, IR (1,5 mg/day) for 6 months. At baseline and in the end of the study, all participants underwent office BP measurement, echocardiography, veloergometry, and the assessment of heart rate variability (HRV), endothelial dysfunction (reactive hyperemia test, endotelin-1 levels), microalbuminuria (MAU), and vascular parameters, such as large artery rigidity and intima-media thickness. Results. Target BP levels were achieved in all MG patients by Week 4 of the treatment, with normal BP values registered throughout the follow-up period. Indapamide therapy was associated with decreased hemodynamic cardiovascular load, normalized endothelial function, and MAU disappearance. IR monotherapy had beneficial effects on HRV, due to moderate parasympathetic stimulation. Conclusion. IR is an effective and safe medication for long-term treatment of adolescents with Stage I AH.

scholarly journals Sex differences in traumatic brain injury: a multi-dimensional exploration in genes, hormones, cells, individuals, and society

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Ma ◽  
Xin Wu ◽  
Xiaotian Shen ◽  
Yanbo Yang ◽  
Zhouqing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is exceptionally prevalent in society and often imposes a massive burden on patients’ families and poor prognosis. The evidence reviewed here suggests that gender can influence clinical outcomes of TBI in many aspects, ranges from patients’ mortality and short-term outcome to their long-term outcome, as well as the incidence of cognitive impairment. We mainly focused on the causes and mechanisms underlying the differences between male and female after TBI, from both biological and sociological views. As it turns out that multiple factors contribute to the gender differences after TBI, not merely the perspective of gender and sex hormones. Centered on this, we discussed how female steroid hormones exert neuroprotective effects through the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanism, along with the cognitive impairment and the social integration problems it caused. As to the treatment, both instant and long-term treatment of TBI requires adjustments according to gender. A further study with more focus on this topic is therefore suggested to provide better treatment options for these patients.

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