scholarly journals Duplication and transcriptional divergence of three Kunitz protease inhibitor genes that modulate insect and pathogen defenses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyan Zhu ◽  
Yaxian He ◽  
Xiaomei Yan ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Rui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
High Expression ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Protein Assay

AbstractKunitz protease inhibitors (KPIs) are ubiquitous in plants and act as crucial compounds in defense responses against insect attack and pathogen infection. However, the influence of gene duplication on the postdivergence of the CsKPI genes involved in biotic stresses in tea plant is not well known. Here, we identified three CsKPI genes from tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and characterized their expression and evolutionary patterns among plant species. We found that CsKPI1, CsKPI2, and CsKPI3 diverged from their common ancestor 72.94 million years ago (MYA), and the tandem duplication of CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 occurred 26.78 MYA. An in vitro protein assay showed that the three CsKPI proteins were functional and inhibited the production of p-nitroanilide (PNA) from an artificial substrate. The three CsKPI-GFP fusion proteins localized to the cytoplasm. We showed that salicylic acid (SA) and transcripts of CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 significantly accumulated after infection with Glomerella cingulata. The application of exogenous SA stimulated the high expression of both CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 by activating cis-elements within their promoters. Under Ectropis oblique attack, CsKPI1 expression and jasmonic acid (JA) levels were more abundant in both insect-damaged leaf tissues and undamaged neighboring leaves. The application of jasmonic acid methyl ester elicited high expression levels of CsKPI1, suggesting that CsKPI1 accumulation requires JA production in tea plant. The overall findings suggest that the transcriptional divergence of KPI genes after duplication led to the specialized role of CsKPI1 in the physiological response to insect stress; the functional conservation between CsKPI2 and CsKPI3 confers resistance to pathogen infection in tea plant.

scholarly journals JA-Ile-Macrolactone 5b Induces Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Resistance to Both Herbivore Ectropis obliqua and Pathogen Colletotrichum camelliae

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songbo Lin ◽  
Yanan Dong ◽  
Xiwang Li ◽  
Yuxian Xing ◽  
Miaomiao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Ethyl Chloroformate ◽  
Isobutyl Chloroformate ◽  
Harmful Organisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Tea Plants

Jasmonates (JAs), the group of lipid-derived hormones, were found to control the defense responses in a myriad of plants. Meaningfully, the macrolactones of 12-hydroxy jasmonate isoleucine (12OH-JA-Ile) were reported to induce the defensive response of wild tobacco. However, little to nothing has been known about the elicitation effect of JA-Ile-macrolactones on woody plants to harmful organisms, let alone its underlying mechanisms. Here, we first optimized the synthetic routine using mild toxic reagent isobutyl chloroformate instead of ethyl chloroformate for conjugation, and we used acetonitrile (MeCN) instead of ethyl alcohol for the better dissolution of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) to gain JA-Ile-macrolactones. JA-Ile-macrolactone 5b-treated tea plants significantly inhibited the larvae weight gain of Ectropis obliqua larvae and the lesions caused by Colletotrichum camelliae. Furthermore, the expression level of CsOPR3 was significantly upregulated in 5b-treated leaves. Meanwhile, 5b reduced the accumulation of eriodictyol 7-O-glucuronide (EDG) in tea plants, which was confirmed to promote the growth rate of E. obliqua larvae by artificial diet assay. In conclusion, our study proved that the exogenous application of 5b could induce the tea plant resistance both to herbivore E. obliqua and pathogen C. camelliae, and EDG was identified as one of the secondary metabolites that could influence the growth rate of E. obliqua, but it did not directly influence the infection of C. camelliae in vitro. Further research should be carried out to clarify the mechanism through which 5b induces tea plant resistance to C. camelliae.

scholarly journals Influence of Chloroplast Defects on Formation of Jasmonic Acid and Characteristic Aroma Compounds in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves Exposed to Postharvest Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianlong Li ◽  
Lanting Zeng ◽  
Yinyin Liao ◽  
Dachuan Gu ◽  
Jinchi Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Aroma Compounds ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Aroma Compound ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Wounding Stress ◽  
Oolong Tea

Characteristic aroma formation in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves during the oolong tea manufacturing process might result from the defense responses of tea leaves against these various stresses, which involves upregulation of the upstream signal phytohormones related to leaf chloroplasts, such as jasmonic acid (JA). Whether chloroplast changes affect the formation of JA and characteristic aroma compounds in tea leaves exposed to stresses is unknown. In tea germplasms, albino-induced yellow tea leaves have defects in chloroplast ultrastructure and composition. Herein, we have compared the differential responses of phytohormone and characteristic aroma compound formation in normal green and albino-induced yellow tea leaves exposed to continuous wounding stress, which is the main stress in oolong tea manufacture. In contrast to single wounding stress (from picking, as a control), continuous wounding stress can upregulate the expression of CsMYC2, a key transcription factor of JA signaling, and activate the synthesis of JA and characteristic aroma compounds in both normal tea leaves (normal chloroplasts) and albino tea leaves (chloroplast defects). Chloroplast defects had no significant effect on the expression levels of CsMYC2 and JA synthesis-related genes in response to continuous wounding stress, but reduced the increase in JA content in response to continuous wounding stress. Furthermore, chloroplast defects reduced the increase in volatile fatty acid derivatives, including jasmine lactone and green leaf volatile contents, in response to continuous wounding stress. Overall, the formation of metabolites derived from fatty acids, such as JA, jasmine lactone, and green leaf volatiles in tea leaves, in response to continuous wounding stress, was affected by chloroplast defects. This information will improve understanding of the relationship of the stress responses of JA and aroma compound formation with chloroplast changes in tea.

Manipulation of methyl jasmonate esterase activity renders tomato more susceptible to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Findling ◽  
Agnes Fekete ◽  
Heribert Warzecha ◽  
Markus Krischke ◽  
Hendrik Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Altered Expression

Jasmonic acid methyl ester has been discussed as a stress signal in plants. To investigate the relevance of reversible methylation of jasmonic acid, stress responses of transgenic tomato lines with altered expression and activity of methyl jasmonate esterase were analysed. No consistent changes in levels of methyl jasmonate, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid isoleucine and expression of the jasmonate-responsive genes AOC and PINII between control line and RNAi as well as overexpressing lines were detectable under basal and wound-induced conditions. In contrast, reduction as well as enhancement of methyl jasmonate esterase activity resulted in increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum despite higher levels of the hormonal active jasmonic acid isoleucine conjugate. Results suggest that methyl jasmonate esterase has a function in vivo in plant defence, which appears not to be related to its in vitro capacity to hydrolyse methyl jasmonate.

scholarly journals Phytochemical screening, invitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenolic fraction extracted from Camellia sinensis bud extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (05) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
J. Divya bharathi ◽  
◽  
Dr. D. Chandra Prabha ◽  
Dr.R. Ragunathan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Polyphenolic Compound ◽  
Carbonated Soft Drinks ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Screening In Vitro

Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world today, second only to water, well ahead of coffee, beer, wine and carbonated soft drinks. The tea plant, Camellia sinensis, is a member of the Theaceae family and black, oolong, white and green tea are produced from its leaf and buds. Tea beverage is an infusion of the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis. The present study aims to screen the phytochemicals screening, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenolic compound extracted from Camellia sinensis bud extract. The qualitative phytochemical results revealed the presence of important phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. The C. sinensis buds could be a rich source of antioxidants. The extract showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Total phenolic content of the bud’s extract was found to be 123 mg/GAE. The extract possesses a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Molecular cloning and expression of a jasmonate biosynthetic gene allene oxide cyclase from Camellia sinensis

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-xin Wang ◽  
Qing-ping Ma ◽  
Bao-yu Han ◽  
Xing-hui Li
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Allene Oxide Cyclase ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr

As a family of signaling plant hormone, jasmonic acid plays an important role in coordinating plant defense responses to pests and pathogen attack through transcriptional and metabolic changes. In the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway of plants, allene oxide cyclase (AOC) is an essential enzyme. Here we cloned a cDNA from tea plant (Camellia sinensis), named as CsAOC (GenBank: HQ889679), which was 916 bp, containing an open reading frame (738 bp) encoding 245 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatic analyses revealed that the deduced protein of CsAOC was highly homologous to AOC from other plant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CsAOC was clustered in a closely related subgroup with AOC of Ipomoea nil. The full-length coding region of CsAOC was ligated with pET-32a and successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), and purified. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on its own potently enhanced its expression over the control (healthy leaves), suggesting feedback activation of CsAOC. The expression under salicylic acid (SA) and wounding treatments was up-regulated. The mRNA expression of CsAOC could be induced by tea geometrids and tea green leafhoppers.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification of the Tify Gene Family and Their Expression Profiles in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8316
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Wei Ran ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Meng Ye ◽  
Songbo Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Genome Wide

The TIFY family is a plant-specific gene family that is involved in regulating a variety of plant processes, including developmental and defense responses. The chromosome-level genome of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) has recently been released, but a comprehensive view of the TIFY family in C. sinensis (the CsTIFY genes) is lacking. The current study performed an extensive genome-wide identification of CsTIFY genes. The phylogenetics, chromosome location, exon/intron structure, and conserved domains of these genes were analyzed to characterize the members of the CsTIFY family. The expression profiles of the CsTIFY genes in four organs were analyzed, and they showed different spatial expression patterns. All CsJAZ genes were observed to be induced by jasmonate acid (JA) and exhibited different responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Six of seven CsJAZ genes (CsJAZ1, CsJAZ2, CsJAZ3, CsJAZ4, CsJAZ7, and CsJAZ8) were upregulated by mechanical wounding and infestation with the tea geometrid (Ectropis obliqua), while infection with tea anthracnose (Colletotrichum camelliae) primarily upregulated the expression levels of CsJAZ1 and CsJAZ10. In addition, CsJAZs were observed to interact with CsMYC2 and AtMYC2. Therefore, the results of this study may contribute to the functional characterization of the CsTIFY genes, especially the members of the JAZ subfamily, as regulators of the JA-mediated defense response in tea plant.

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