ELK3 expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells promotes breast cancer progression and metastasis through exosomal miRNAs

IMPORTANCIA DEL MICROAMBIENTE TUMORAL EN LA PROGRESIÓN DEL CÁNCER DE MAMA IMPORTANCE OF TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT IN BREAST CANCER PROGRESSION Julio E. Valdivia-Silvaa, Eduardo García-Zepedab DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2008.0005/ RESUMEN El microambiente tumoral, en el cáncer de mama y otros de estirpe epitelial, es un tejido complejo que comprende diferentes tipos celulares que incluyen las células tumorales, fibroblastos, células endoteliales, y leucocitos infiltrantes. Citocinas, quimiocinas, factores de crecimiento y proteasas son moléculas claves que controlan la comunicación autocrina y paracrina entre estas células individuales. Bajo algunas circunstancias, dichas moléculas pueden orquestar respuestas del hospedero contra el tumor, pero contradictoriamente existe evidencia que demuestra un rol paradójico que contribuye al crecimiento y progresión de la neoplasia además de inmunosupresión local. Adicionalmente, la progresión del cáncer de mama está asociada con una robusta neovascularización. Es claro que las células “normales” asociadas al tumor, como las inmunes, endoteliales y del estroma, conspiran con las cancerosas en promover este proceso. En ésta revisión enfocamos algunas de las acciones de citocinas inflamatorias y otras moléculas del microambiente tumoral sobre el comportamiento invasivo y metastásico del carcinoma mamario. Una mayor comprensión de estos tipos celulares y constituyentes moleculares del microambiente pueden ser usados en el diseño de terapias más efectivas contra el cáncer. Palabras clave: cáncer de mama, microambiente tumoral, metástasis, inflamación. ABSTRACT The epithelial tumour microenvironment is a complex tissue comprising variable numbers of tumour cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and infiltrating leucocytes. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases are key molecules controlling autocrine or paracrine communications within and between these individual cell types. Under some circumstances, endogenous cytokines may orchestrate host responses against the tumour, but there is increasing evidence that the cytokine network contributes to tumour growth, progression and host immuno-suppression. In addition, breast cancer progression is associated with and dependent upon robust neovascularization. It is becoming clear that tumour-associated „normal‟ cells, such as immune/inflammatory cells, endothelial cells and stromal cells, conspire with cancer cells in promoting this process. In this review we outline some of the actions of endogenous inflammatory cytokines and other molecules in tumor microenvironment over metastatic and invasive behavior of the breast carcinoma. A better understanding of these various cellular and molecular constituents of breast cancer microenvironment may be useful in designing more effective therapies. Keywords: breast cancer, tumour microenvironment, metastasis, inflammation.

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Advances of Exosomal miRNAs in Breast Cancer Progression and Diagnosis

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11112151 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2151

Author(s):

Wenwen Chen ◽

Zhongyu Li ◽

Pengwei Deng ◽

Zhengnan Li ◽

Yuhai Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Cancer Progression ◽

Breast Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Breast Cancer Progression ◽

Breast Tumorigenesis ◽

Exosomal Mirnas ◽

The Status ◽

Tumorigenesis And Progression ◽

Membrane Bound

Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Although many factors associated with breast cancer have been identified, the definite etiology of breast cancer is still unclear. In addition, early diagnosis of breast cancer remains challenging. Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles secreted by most types of cells and contain a series of biologically important molecules, such as lipids, proteins, and miRNAs, etc. Emerging evidence shows that exosomes can affect the status of cells by transmitting substances and messages among cells and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. In breast cancer, exosomes play a significant role in breast tumorigenesis and progression through transfer miRNAs which can be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of breast cancer. This review discusses the potential utility of exosomal miRNAs in breast cancer progression such as tumorigenesis, metastasis, immune regulation and drug resistance, and further in breast cancer diagnosis.

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