Surgical anatomy of the ovine sural nerve for facial nerve regeneration and reconstruction research

AbstractPreservation of the facial nerve is crucial in any type of facial procedure. This is even more important when performing plastic surgery on the face. An intricate knowledge of the course of the facial nerve is a requisite prior to performing facelifts, regardless of the technique used. The complex relationship of the ligaments and the facial nerve may put the nerve at an increased risk of damage, especially if its anatomy is not fully understood. There are several danger zones during dissection where the nerve is more likely to be injured. These include the areas where the nerve branches become more superficial in the dissection plane, and where they traverse between the retaining ligaments of the face. Addressing these ligaments is crucial, as they prevent the transmission of traction during facelifts. Without sufficient release, a satisfying pull on the soft tissues may be limited. Traditional superficial musculoaponeurotic system techniques such as plication or imbrication do not include surgical release of these attachments. Extended facelift techniques include additional dissection to release the retaining ligaments to obtain a more balanced and healthier look. However, these techniques are often the subject of much debate due to the extended dissection that carries a higher risk of nerve complications. In this article we aim to present the relationship of both the nerve and ligaments with an emphasis on the exact location of these structures, both in regard to one another and to their locations within the facial soft tissues, to perform extended techniques safely.

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PLGA artificial nerve conduits with dental pulp cells promote facial nerve regeneration

Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine ◽

10.1002/term.387 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 823-830 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Ryo Sasaki ◽

Shunsuke Aoki ◽

Masayuki Yamato ◽

Hiroto Uchiyama ◽

Keiji Wada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Nerve Regeneration ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Dental Pulp Cells ◽

Nerve Conduits ◽

Pulp Cells

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THE SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE OSSICULAR MUSCLES AND THE FACIAL NERVE

The Laryngoscope ◽

10.1288/00005537-196708000-00005 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 77 (8) ◽

pp. 1269-1294 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Barry J. Anson ◽

James A. Donaldson ◽

Raymond L. Warpeha ◽

Thomas R. Winch

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Surgical Anatomy

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Identification of Factors Associated With Sural Nerve Regeneration and Degeneration in Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc12-2530 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 36 (12) ◽

pp. 4043-4049 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Hur ◽

K. A. Sullivan ◽

B. C. Callaghan ◽

R. Pop-Busui ◽

E. L. Feldman

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Neuropathy ◽

Nerve Regeneration ◽

Sural Nerve ◽

Factors Associated

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Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Loaded on Gelatin Sponge on Transected Facial Nerve Regeneration

Journal of Neurological Disorders ◽

10.4172/2329-6895.1000321 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 04 (08) ◽

Author(s):

Kong Jun ◽

Xin Jin ◽

Hu Jie

Keyword(s):

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

Nerve Regeneration ◽

Gelatin Sponge ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Endothelial Growth Factor

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Genetical modification on adipose-derived stem cells facilitates facial nerve regeneration

Aging ◽

10.18632/aging.101790 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 908-920 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jian Tan ◽

Yipin Xu ◽

Fang Han ◽

Xinhai Ye

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

Nerve Regeneration ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Genetical Modification

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SURGICAL ANATOMY AND LANDMARKS OF TYMPANOMASTOID SEGMENT OF FACIAL NERVE USING MORPHOMETRY AS A MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE: CADAVERIC TEMPORAL BONE DISSECTION STUDY

International Journal of Anatomy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijar.2020.142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2.2) ◽

pp. 7486-7491

Author(s):

Tripti Shrivastava ◽

◽

Renu Rajguru ◽

D Baruah ◽

Sushil Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Temporal Bone ◽

Measurement Technique ◽

Surgical Anatomy

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Surgical Anatomy of the Parotid Gland

Diagnostic Techniques and Therapeutic Strategies for Parotid Gland Disorders - Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-5603-0.ch003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 13-23

Keyword(s):

Parotid Gland ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

External Auditory Meatus ◽

Styloid Process ◽

Terminal Segment ◽

External Carotid Artery ◽

Surgical Anatomy ◽

Mastoid Process ◽

External Carotid ◽

Superficial Lobe

The parotid gland consists of two lobes: superficial and deep with regard to its relation with the facial nerve. It is wrapped around the mandibular ramus and secretes saliva through the parotid (Stensen's) duct. It is a paired organ, weighing 15-30g each. Its superficial lobe overlies the lateral surface of the masseter muscle and is bounded superiorly by the zygomatic arch, while its deep lobe is located in the pre-styloid compartment of the parapharyngeal space between the mastoid process posteriorly, ramus of mandible anteriorly, and external auditory meatus superiorly. Medially, the gland reaches to the styloid process. Inferiorly, the parotid tail extends down to the anteromedial margin of sternocleido-mastoid muscle. Several structures run through the parotid gland, namely, terminal segment of external carotid artery, retro-mandibular vein, parotid lymph nodes, and facial nerve, which soon gives two divisions (temporo-facial and cervico-facial) that give off five branches inside the gland radiating forwards. This chapter explores the surgical anatomy of the parotid gland.

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