scholarly journals The perception of time is dynamically interlocked with the facial muscle activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre C. Fernandes ◽  
Teresa Garcia-Marques
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Perceptual Timing ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

AbstractTime perception relies on the motor system. Involves core brain regions of this system, including those associated with feelings generated from sensorimotor states. Perceptual timing is also distorted when movement occurs during timing tasks, possibly by interfering with sensorimotor afferent feedback. However, it is unknown if the perception of time is an active process associated with specific patterns of muscle activity. We explored this idea based on the phenomenon of electromyographic gradients, which consists of the dynamic increase of muscle activity during cognitive tasks that require sustained attention, a critical function in perceptual timing. We aimed to determine whether facial muscle dynamic activity indexes the subjective representation of time. We asked participants to judge stimuli durations (varying in familiarity) while we monitored the time course of the activity of the zygomaticus-major and corrugator-supercilii muscles, both associated with cognitive and affective feelings. The dynamic electromyographic activity in corrugator-supercilii over time reflected objective time and this relationship predicted subjective judgments of duration. Furthermore, the zygomaticus-major muscle signaled the bias that familiarity introduces in duration judgments. This suggests that subjective duration could be an embodiment process based in motor information changing over time and their associated feelings.

scholarly journals Automatic facial mimicry in response to dynamic emotional stimuli in five-month-old infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1844) ◽  
pp. 20161948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoko Isomura ◽  
Tamami Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Facial Mimicry ◽  
Social Reciprocity ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

Human adults automatically mimic others' emotional expressions, which is believed to contribute to sharing emotions with others. Although this behaviour appears fundamental to social reciprocity, little is known about its developmental process. Therefore, we examined whether infants show automatic facial mimicry in response to others' emotional expressions. Facial electromyographic activity over the corrugator supercilii (brow) and zygomaticus major (cheek) of four- to five-month-old infants was measured while they viewed dynamic clips presenting audiovisual, visual and auditory emotions. The audiovisual bimodal emotion stimuli were a display of a laughing/crying facial expression with an emotionally congruent vocalization, whereas the visual/auditory unimodal emotion stimuli displayed those emotional faces/vocalizations paired with a neutral vocalization/face, respectively. Increased activation of the corrugator supercilii muscle in response to audiovisual cries and the zygomaticus major in response to audiovisual laughter were observed between 500 and 1000 ms after stimulus onset, which clearly suggests rapid facial mimicry. By contrast, both visual and auditory unimodal emotion stimuli did not activate the infants' corresponding muscles. These results revealed that automatic facial mimicry is present as early as five months of age, when multimodal emotional information is present.

scholarly journals Temporal Changes in Electromyographic Activity and Gait Ability during Extended Walking in Individuals Post-Stroke: A Pilot Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Kazuki Fujita ◽  
Yasutaka Kobayashi ◽  
Masahito Hitosugi
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Neuromuscular Fatigue ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
Abnormal Gait ◽  
Walking Performance ◽  
Over Time

Abnormal gait, particularly in patients with stroke, causes neuromuscular fatigue. We aimed to clarify temporal changes in gait performance and lower limb muscle activity during extended walking in people with stroke hemiplegia. Twelve adults with stroke and eleven healthy controls performed an extended trial involving 20-min continuous walk at a comfortable speed. The primary outcome was electromyography amplitude during the trial and secondary outcomes were walking performance and the instantaneous mean frequency of electromyography during the trial. Data at 1, 6, 12, and 18 min after initiating walking were compared. Performance during extended walking in people with stroke was maintained over time. The electromyography amplitude decreased in the tibialis anterior during the pre-swing phase and increased in the rectus femoris during the single-support phase over time; these changes were similar on the paretic and nonparetic sides. Instantaneous mean frequency decreased over time on the nonparetic side in the tibialis anterior and on the paretic side in the rectus femoris. Healthy subjects did not show any changes over time. The changes in muscle activity in patients with stroke differed between the paretic and nonparetic sides, muscle type, and gait phase; walking performance was maintained despite being affected by neuromuscular fatigue.

scholarly journals Reliability of surface facial electromyography

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Hess ◽  
Ruben C. Arslan ◽  
Heidi Mauersberger ◽  
Christophe Blaison ◽  
Michael Dufner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Affective Reactions ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Facial Emg ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Method Factors ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

Data from two studies were used to estimate the reliability of facial EMG when used to index facial mimicry (Study 1) or affective reactions to pictorial stimuli (Study 2). Results for individual muscle sites varied between muscles and depending on data treatment. For ifference scores, acceptable internal consistencies were found only for corrugator supercilii, and test-retest reliabilities were low. For contrast measures describing patterns of reactions to stimuli, such as high zygomaticus major combined with low corrugator upercilii, acceptable internal consistencies were found for facial reactions to smiling faces and positive affective reactions to affiliative images (Study 2). Facial reactions to negative emotions (Study 1) and facial reactions to power and somewhat less to chievement imagery (Study 2) showed unsatisfactory internal consistencies. For contrast measures, good temporal stability over 24 months (Study 1) and 15 months (Study 2), respectively, was obtained. In Study 1, the effect of method factors such as mode of presentation was more reliable than the emotion effect. Overall, people’s facial reactions to affective stimuli seem to be influenced by a variety of factors other than the emotion-eliciting element per se, which resulted in biased internal consistency estimates. However, the influence of these factors in turn seemed to be stable over time.

scholarly journals Associations between Cognitive Concepts of Self and Emotional Facial Expressions with an Emphasis on Emotion Awareness

Psych ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Peter Walla ◽  
Aimee Mavratzakis
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Self ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Emotional Pictures

Recognising our own and others’ emotions is vital for healthy social development. The aim of the current study was to determine how emotions related to the self or to another influence behavioural expressions of emotion. Facial electromyography (EMG) was used to record spontaneous facial muscle activity in nineteen participants while they passively viewed negative, positive and neutral emotional pictures during three blocks of referential instructions. Each participant imagined themself, another person or no one experiencing the emotional scenario, with the priming words “You”, “Him” or “None” presented before each picture for the respective block of instructions. Emotion awareness (EA) was also recorded using the TAS-20 alexithymia questionnaire. Corrugator supercilii (cs) muscle activity increased significantly between 500 and 1000 ms post stimulus onset during negative and neutral picture presentations, regardless of ownership. Independent of emotion, cs activity was greatest during the “no one” task and lowest during the “self” task from less than 250 to 1000 ms. Interestingly, the degree of cs activation during referential tasks was further modulated by EA. Low EA corresponded to significantly stronger cs activity overall compared with high EA, and this effect was even more pronounced during the “no one” task. The findings suggest that cognitive processes related to the perception of emotion ownership can influence spontaneous facial muscle activity, but that a greater degree of integration between higher cognitive and lower affective levels of information may interrupt or suppress these behavioural expressions of emotion.

scholarly journals Predicting subjective liking of bitter and sweet liquid solutions using facial electromyography during emptying, swirling, and while thinking about the taste

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Robert Cannon ◽  
Bei Li ◽  
John M. Grigor
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Liquid Solutions ◽  
Oral Processing

Hedonic responses to foods are often measured using subjective liking ratings scales. This is problematic because food behaviours are complex and single measurements points that occur after tasting are unable to capture an individual’s dynamic affective state. To address this limitation, techniques have been developed to sample subjective affective responses during oral processing, such as temporal dominance of emotion. These methods are also limited because they interrupt natural behaviours associated with food and oral processing. The present research investigates the potential use of electromyography as a means to predict subjective liking ratings using affective facial muscle activity recorded at different phases of oral processing while tasting liquids. Using linear mixed models, muscle activity recorded while emptying into the mouth, swirling, and thinking about the taste of bitter and sweet liquid solutions was used to predict subjective liking ratings. During different phases of the tasting, these mixed models demonstrate that zygomaticus major activity predicted increased liking and that corrugator supercilii and levator labii superioris predicted decreased liking. The change in liking ratings predicted by each muscle varied depending on whether participants were emptying, swirling, or thinking about the taste. We conclude that facial muscle activity is a valuable measure of affective responses during dynamic food behaviours.

scholarly journals Mood congruence effect in autobiographical recall: Is mood a mediator?

Psihologija ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasa Drace ◽  
Olivier Desrichard
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Congruence Effect ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Autobiographical Recall ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Mood Congruence ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

In the present study we test the hypothesis that the effect of mood congruence in autobiographical recall is underlain by mood. Thirty-eight female participants were subjected to positive, negative and neutral mood inductions, and then asked to recall three personal memories. Participants? mood was assessed using self-report questionnaires and by electromyograph (EMG) measurements of corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscle activity. We replicated the congruence effect between the mood inductions and the valence of the participants? recalled memories. Furthermore, this effect was mediated by mood, as measured by EMG and self-report questionnaires. The results suggest that mood influences the mood congruence effect in a way that cannot be explained by semantic priming alone.

Facial Mimicry in Response to Song

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa P. Chan ◽  
Steven R. Livingstone ◽  
Frank A. Russo
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Facial Mimicry ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Muscle Region ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii Muscle ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Muscle Responses ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

We examined facial responses to audio-visual presentations of emotional singing. Although many studies have now found evidence for facial responses to emotional stimuli, most have involved static facial expressions and none have involved singing. Singing represents a dynamic ecologically valid emotional stimulus with unique demands on orofacial motion that are independent of emotion, related to pitch and linguistic production. Observers’ facial muscles were recorded with electromyography while they saw and heard recordings of a vocalist’s performance sung with different emotional intentions (happy, neutral, and sad). Audio-visual presentations successfully elicited facial mimicry in observers that were congruent with the performer’s intended emotions. Happy singing performances elicited increased activity in the zygomaticus major muscle region of observers, while sad performances evoked increased activity in the corrugator supercilii muscle region. These spontaneous facial muscle responses occurred within the first three seconds following onset of video presentation indicating that emotional nuances of singing performances can elicit dynamic facial responses from observers.

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