scholarly journals The largest known cowrie and the iterative evolution of giant cypraeid gastropods

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Dominici ◽  
Mariagabriella Fornasiero ◽  
Luca Giusberti
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iterative Evolution

AbstractBased on the fossil record, we explore the macroevolutionary relationship between species richness and gigantism in cowries (Cypraeidae), the best-studied family of gastropods, with a global diversity distribution that parallels that of tropical corals, mangroves and seagrasses. We introduce Vicetia bizzottoi sp. nov. based on a Priabonian fossil found in northeastern Italy, the largest documented cowrie found so far and the youngest of a lineage of Eocene Gisortiinae species. The Gisortiinae stratigraphic record in western Europe indicates that species selection favoured large size and armouring of the shell. Palaeoecology and per-stage species richness suggest that gigantism occurred in peripheral habitats with respect to diversity hotspots, where smaller species were favoured. The Eocene–Oligocene boundary was marked by a turnover and the Chattian global warming favoured small-sized species of derived clades. Species selection leading to gigantism is further documented in Miocene lineages of Zoila and Umbilia, in the southern hemisphere, two extant genera distributed at the periphery of modern diversity hotspots, suggesting that the negative relationship between size and diversity is a recurring pattern in the evolutionary history of cowries. This palaeontological evidence is projected onto the existing hypotheses that explain analogous biogeographic patterns in various other taxa. Likewise, body size-species richness negative relationship was possibly driven in cowries by physiological, ecological and life history constraints.

Evolutionary history of hoofed mammals during the Oligocene–Miocene transition in Western Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laureline Scherler ◽  
Bastien Mennecart ◽  
Florent Hiard ◽  
Damien Becker
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals IV. The pelmatoporinæ, an essay on the evolution of a group of cretaceous polyzoa

1920 ◽  
Vol 209 (360-371) ◽  
pp. 191-228 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Radical Species ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Evolutionary Scheme ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
The Many

Having spent many years in working through the Cretaceous Cribrimorph material in the British Museum, and, consequently, the literature of the subject, I was forced to the conclusion that various Cribrimorph stocks had independently arisen over and over again from Membranimorph ancestors, had run through a more or less similar evolution, and, finally, become extinct; so that the many forms described under Cribrilina, Membraniporella , and other Recent genera were really in no way closely related to these, and the Cretaceous Cribrimorph forms, in consequence, needed at lea st a generic nomenclature of their own. These Cretaceous forms fell under ten main stocks, between which no direct relationship could be discovered, and whose common ancestor must be sought far back among the primitive Membranimorphs; so that it did not seem too much to claim for each of these main stocks the status of a family. Within certain families were several well-defined groups, which, nevertheless, in each case had features in common, rendering it possible for all to have been derived from a common Cribrimorph ancestor; it seem ed permissible, therefore, to regard these groups as subfamilies. Thus a complete evolutionary classification was drawn up for the Cretaceous Cribrimorphs, and this, in the tersest possible form, was published in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Lang, 1916). Since the whole evolutionary scheme was implicit in the tabular analysis, it was hoped that this would be lucid enough to be acceptable without further explanation. From, various criticisms, it appears that this is not so, and the opportunity has been taken in this essay to select one subfamily and expand the condensed account into a fuller statement. The subfamily Pelmatoporinæ was chosen partly because of its large size, and partly because it illustrates so fully the principles of evolution exhibited by the Cretaceous Cribrimorphs generally; but other subfamilies would serve the same purpose nearly as well. The morphology of the group is the first consideration; and since it is founded on the structure of the species Pelmatopora calceata , which closely approximates to the supposed ancestral form, this radical species is considered in some detail. Then, after examining the evolutionary aim of Cretaceous Cribrimorphs as a whole, we are in a position to appreciate the general evolutionary history of each character of the radical species, as it proceeds from the less to the more complex forms in the several lineages. Next, peculiar modifications of certain characters are described, giving the criteria for generic distinctions; then the evolution of forms within each genus. The results are compared with those obtained by W. K. Spencer in his work on Cretaceous Asteroidea. Next, the stratigraphical distribution of the forms is examined to see how far this corroborates the relationships established on morphic evidence; and, finally, the evidence of recapitulation, as shown in the colonial development (Astogeny), is brought to bear in connection with the other two criteria of relationships already examined.

scholarly journals Settling down of seasonal migrants promotes bird diversification

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1784) ◽  
pp. 20140473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rolland ◽  
Frédéric Jiguet ◽  
Knud Andreas Jønsson ◽  
Fabien L. Condamine ◽  
Hélène Morlon
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Daughter Species

How seasonal migration originated and impacted diversification in birds remains largely unknown. Although migratory behaviour is likely to affect bird diversification, previous studies have not detected any effect. Here, we infer ancestral migratory behaviour and the effect of seasonal migration on speciation and extinction dynamics using a complete bird tree of life. Our analyses infer that sedentary behaviour is ancestral, and that migratory behaviour evolved independently multiple times during the evolutionary history of birds. Speciation of a sedentary species into two sedentary daughter species is more frequent than speciation of a migratory species into two migratory daughter species. However, migratory species often diversify by generating a sedentary daughter species in addition to the ancestral migratory one. This leads to an overall higher migratory speciation rate. Migratory species also experience lower extinction rates. Hence, although migratory species represent a minority (18.5%) of all extant birds, they have a higher net diversification rate than sedentary species. These results suggest that the evolution of seasonal migration in birds has facilitated diversification through the divergence of migratory subpopulations that become sedentary, and illustrate asymmetrical diversification as a mechanism by which diversification rates are decoupled from species richness.

scholarly journals The Kvabebi Canidae record revisited (late Pliocene, Sighnaghi, eastern Georgia)

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1258-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Rook ◽  
Saverio Bartolini Lucenti ◽  
Maia Bukhsianidze ◽  
David Lordkipanidze
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Raccoon Dog ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
History Of

AbstractUnlike the Asian and North American Pliocene record, fossil occurrences of Canidae in Europe (and Africa) are uncommon and fragmentary. The revision of canid material from the late Pliocene site of Kvabebi (eastern Georgia) revealed the contemporaneous occurrence of three different taxa: (1)Nyctereutes megamastoides(a derived species of the Eurasian Pliocene raccoon dog-like canids); (2)Vulpescf.V.alopecoides(representing the first occurrence of a member of the vulpine taxonV.alopecoides, a species that was the most widespread fox in the early Pleistocene in western Europe); and (3)Eucyonsp. The latter occurrence at Kvabebi completes our knowledge of the late Pliocene evolutionary history of the latest representatives of the genus in Western Europe and Central Asia. Our revision of Kvabebi canids registers a previously undocumented case of established niche partitioning among early Pliocene sympatric Canidae.

scholarly journals Evidence of post-domestication hybridization and adaptive introgression in Western European grapevine varieties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Freitas ◽  
M.A. Gazda ◽  
M. Rebelo ◽  
A.J. Muñoz-Pajares ◽  
C. Vila-Viçosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
Adaptive Introgression ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
Historical Periods

ABSTRACTGrapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most significant crops in the world. Today’s richness in grapevine diversity results from a complex domestication history over multiple historical periods. Here, we employed whole genome resequencing to elucidate different aspects of the recent evolutionary history of this crop. Our results support a model in which a central domestication event in grapevine was followed by post-domestication hybridization with local wild genotypes, leading to the presence of an introgression signature in modern wine varieties across Western Europe. The strongest signal was associated with a subset of Iberian grapevine varieties, which show large introgression tracts. We targeted this study group for further analysis, demonstrating how regions under selection in wild populations from the Iberian Peninsula were preferentially passed on to the cultivated varieties by geneflow. Examination of underlying genes suggests that environmental adaptation played a fundamental role in both the evolution of wild genotypes and the outcome of hybridization with cultivated varieties, supporting a case of adaptive introgression in grapevine.

Evolutionary History of Moles in Western Europe: One Mole May Hide Another!

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-226
Author(s):  
Violaine Nicolas ◽  
Jessica Martinez-Vargas ◽  
Jean-Pierre Hugot
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
History Of

Originations and Extinctions in Brachiopods

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
Paul Copper
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Taxonomic Description ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Molecular Relationships ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Gains And Losses

Broad patterns of originations and extinctions of genera, as well as families and higher groups, have always interested those who study the fossil record (e.g., Sepkoski, 1984). They record an important part of the major changeovers, and thus the dynamics, of marine ecosystems over time (Droser et al., 1996; Droser and Sheehan, 1997). This seems especially true for the Paleozoic, when brachiopods were the dominant shelly animals on the seafloor in tropical, temperate, and even cold water settings. Attempts have also been made to determine turnover patterns at the species level (Patzkowsky and Holland, 1997), though this is a much more difficult task, as the validity of species depends a great deal on the skills of the taxonomist. A similar problem is the comparative analysis of diversification data based on a single continent, e.g., North America, as related to others (Miller, 1997a, b); though Laurentia is probably better studied than most areas except western Europe. The exercise of studying broad-scale generic gains and losses for the brachiopods is at the present time preliminary (only three volumes of the revised Treatise are published). The 1965 Treatise contains fewer than 25% of the genera known in detail and described today, with an almost exponential increase in taxonomic description since the 1960s (Williams, 1996). Since then, there have been dramatic revisions and re-interpretations of the evolutionary history of the major brachiopod families, as a new generation of brachiopod workers arrived and matured. We also have a considerably improved knowledge of molecular relationships within the Brachiopoda (Cohen and Gawthrop, 1996). Sound taxonomy is the fundamental basis for sound theoretical discussion of the nature and origins of major changeovers in phyla such as the Brachiopoda. Unfortunately, there are presently relatively few, active brachiopod specialists, as taxonomy has given way to other, more general interests.

Evolutionary History Drives Biogeographic Patterns of Coral Reef Resilience

BioScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Roff
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Caribbean Coral Reef ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Modern-day Indo-Pacific coral reefs are characterized by rapid recovery driven by pulses of coral recruitment, but Caribbean reefs exhibit low rates of recruitment and poor recovery following a wide range of disturbance events. The contrasting evolutionary history of coral taxa offers key insight into biogeographic patterns of coral resilience. Following the closure of the Isthmus of Panama approximately 2.8 million years ago, widespread extinction of Caribbean corals led to an evolutionary bottleneck that favored large and long-lived species with a relatively high reliance on asexual versus sexual reproduction. In contrast, adaptive radiation led to the evolution of superrecruiting tabular, digitate, and corymbose corals that drive the rapid recovery of modern-day Indo-Pacific reefs following disturbance. The dominance of branching growth forms and evolutionary absence of superrecruiting growth forms throughout the entire evolutionary history of the Caribbean (approximately 38 million years ago to present) may explain the exceptionally high recruitment rates on modern-day Indo-Pacific reefs and low historical recruitment on Caribbean reefs. The evolutionary history of the Caribbean coral reef-building taxa implies that, even with a reversal of ecosystem state, widespread recovery of Caribbean reefs may be limited.

scholarly journals Review of the Early and Middle Jurassic erymid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda)

2019 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Devillez ◽  
Sylvain Charbonnier
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Jurassic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Species

Erymid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymidae) are an important component of Mesozoic crustacean faunas in Europe, especially during the Jurassic. The 29 species reported from the Early and Middle Jurassic are the oldest found in Western Europe and North America, and constitute an important part of the evolutionary history of these lobsters. After the review presented here, 24 species are maintained within the genera Eryma Meyer, 1840 (7 species), Palaeastacus Bell, 1850 (5 species), Pustulina Quenstedt, 1858 (2 species) and Stenodactylina Beurlen, 1928 (9 species). All these species, with the exception of Eryma ventrosum (Meyer, 1835), have a new description and the diagnoses of the genera Eryma, Palaeastacus and Stenodactylina are emended. Four species are transferred to another genus: Palaeastacus numismalis (Oppel, 1862) n. comb., Palaeastacus foersteri (Feldmann, 1979) n. comb. and Stenodactylina guisei (Wright, 1881) were previously assigned to Eryma, and Stenodactylina spinosa (Étallon, 1861) n. comb. was previously assigned to Palaeastacus. Our study shows that Stenodactylina was the most diversified genus in Early – Middle Jurassic, but the fossils of Eryma are more common. Furthermore, Eryma compressum (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1842) is the emblematic species of Erymidae Van Straelen, 1925 during the end of Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic in Western Europe (Toarcian – Bathonian). This species includes now Eryma bedeltum (Quenstedt, 1858) in its synonymy. The genus Pustulina is very rare and the specimens show some characteristics on their carapace recalling other erymid genera (an almost sinuous hepatic groove for example), that are absent in more recent species. Finally, we point out that only E. compressum, P. foersteri and Stenodactylina walkerae (Feldmann and Haggart, 2008) are reported outside Europe.

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