scholarly journals IV. The pelmatoporinæ, an essay on the evolution of a group of cretaceous polyzoa

1920 ◽  
Vol 209 (360-371) ◽  
pp. 191-228 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Radical Species ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Evolutionary Scheme ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
The Many

Having spent many years in working through the Cretaceous Cribrimorph material in the British Museum, and, consequently, the literature of the subject, I was forced to the conclusion that various Cribrimorph stocks had independently arisen over and over again from Membranimorph ancestors, had run through a more or less similar evolution, and, finally, become extinct; so that the many forms described under Cribrilina, Membraniporella , and other Recent genera were really in no way closely related to these, and the Cretaceous Cribrimorph forms, in consequence, needed at lea st a generic nomenclature of their own. These Cretaceous forms fell under ten main stocks, between which no direct relationship could be discovered, and whose common ancestor must be sought far back among the primitive Membranimorphs; so that it did not seem too much to claim for each of these main stocks the status of a family. Within certain families were several well-defined groups, which, nevertheless, in each case had features in common, rendering it possible for all to have been derived from a common Cribrimorph ancestor; it seem ed permissible, therefore, to regard these groups as subfamilies. Thus a complete evolutionary classification was drawn up for the Cretaceous Cribrimorphs, and this, in the tersest possible form, was published in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Lang, 1916). Since the whole evolutionary scheme was implicit in the tabular analysis, it was hoped that this would be lucid enough to be acceptable without further explanation. From, various criticisms, it appears that this is not so, and the opportunity has been taken in this essay to select one subfamily and expand the condensed account into a fuller statement. The subfamily Pelmatoporinæ was chosen partly because of its large size, and partly because it illustrates so fully the principles of evolution exhibited by the Cretaceous Cribrimorphs generally; but other subfamilies would serve the same purpose nearly as well. The morphology of the group is the first consideration; and since it is founded on the structure of the species Pelmatopora calceata , which closely approximates to the supposed ancestral form, this radical species is considered in some detail. Then, after examining the evolutionary aim of Cretaceous Cribrimorphs as a whole, we are in a position to appreciate the general evolutionary history of each character of the radical species, as it proceeds from the less to the more complex forms in the several lineages. Next, peculiar modifications of certain characters are described, giving the criteria for generic distinctions; then the evolution of forms within each genus. The results are compared with those obtained by W. K. Spencer in his work on Cretaceous Asteroidea. Next, the stratigraphical distribution of the forms is examined to see how far this corroborates the relationships established on morphic evidence; and, finally, the evidence of recapitulation, as shown in the colonial development (Astogeny), is brought to bear in connection with the other two criteria of relationships already examined.

ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION AND MUSICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY OF A SPECIALIST’S TRAINING

2020 ◽  
Vol 384 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-232
Author(s):  
P. V. Menshikov ◽  
G. K. Kassymova ◽  
R. R. Gasanova ◽  
Y. V. Zaichikov ◽  
V. A. Berezovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Practice ◽  
Piano Music ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Many ◽  
Special Meaning

A special role in the development of a pianist as a musician, composer and performer, as shown by the examples of the well-known, included in the history of art, and the most ordinary pianists, their listeners and admirers, lovers of piano music and music in general, are played by moments associated with psychotherapeutic abilities and music features. The purpose of the study is to comprehend the psychotherapeutic aspects of performing activities (using pianists as an example). The research method is a theoretical analysis of the psychotherapeutic aspects of performing activities: the study of the possibilities and functions of musical psychotherapy in the life of a musician as a “(self) psychotherapist” and “patient”. For almost any person, music acts as a way of self-understanding and understanding of the world, a way of self-realization, rethinking and overcoming life's difficulties - internal and external "blockages" of development, a way of saturating life with universal meanings, including a person in the richness of his native culture and universal culture as a whole. Art and, above all, its metaphorical nature help to bring out and realize internal experiences, provide an opportunity to look at one’s own experiences, problems and injuries from another perspective, to see a different meaning in them. In essence, we are talking about art therapy, including the art of writing and performing music - musical psychotherapy. However, for a musician, music has a special meaning, special significance. Musician - produces music, and, therefore, is not only an “object”, but also the subject of musical psychotherapy. The musician’s training includes preparing him as an individual and as a professional to perform functions that can be called psychotherapeutic: in the works of the most famous performers, as well as in the work of ordinary teachers, psychotherapeutic moments sometimes become key. Piano music and performance practice sets a certain “viewing angle” of life, and, in the case of traumatic experiences, a new way of understanding a difficult, traumatic and continuing to excite a person event, changing his attitude towards him. It helps to see something that was hidden in the hustle and bustle of everyday life or in the patterns of relationships familiar to a given culture. At the same time, while playing music or learning to play music, a person teaches to see the hidden and understand the many secrets of the human soul, the relationships of people.

scholarly journals Notes on the History of the Family of Rumbold in the Seventeenth Century

1892 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
Horace Rumbold
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

In the course of extensive researches in which I have been engaged for some years on the subject of the history of the Rumbold family during the seventeenth century, and more especially at the period immediately preceding the Restoration, I came across a paper in the British Museum which has never, as far as I know, been made public, and is, perhaps, not unworthy to find a place among the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. The curious document in question is headed A Particular of the Services performed by me Henry Rumbold for His Majesty.

scholarly journals The largest known cowrie and the iterative evolution of giant cypraeid gastropods

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Dominici ◽  
Mariagabriella Fornasiero ◽  
Luca Giusberti
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iterative Evolution

AbstractBased on the fossil record, we explore the macroevolutionary relationship between species richness and gigantism in cowries (Cypraeidae), the best-studied family of gastropods, with a global diversity distribution that parallels that of tropical corals, mangroves and seagrasses. We introduce Vicetia bizzottoi sp. nov. based on a Priabonian fossil found in northeastern Italy, the largest documented cowrie found so far and the youngest of a lineage of Eocene Gisortiinae species. The Gisortiinae stratigraphic record in western Europe indicates that species selection favoured large size and armouring of the shell. Palaeoecology and per-stage species richness suggest that gigantism occurred in peripheral habitats with respect to diversity hotspots, where smaller species were favoured. The Eocene–Oligocene boundary was marked by a turnover and the Chattian global warming favoured small-sized species of derived clades. Species selection leading to gigantism is further documented in Miocene lineages of Zoila and Umbilia, in the southern hemisphere, two extant genera distributed at the periphery of modern diversity hotspots, suggesting that the negative relationship between size and diversity is a recurring pattern in the evolutionary history of cowries. This palaeontological evidence is projected onto the existing hypotheses that explain analogous biogeographic patterns in various other taxa. Likewise, body size-species richness negative relationship was possibly driven in cowries by physiological, ecological and life history constraints.

scholarly journals Current perspectives on the evolution of birds

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per G.P. Ericson
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolution Of Birds ◽  
The Many ◽  
Rapid Radiations

The paper summarizes the current understanding of the evolution and diversification of birds. New insights into this field have mainly come from two fundamentally different, but complementary sources of information: the many newly discovered Mesozoic bird fossils and the wealth of genetic analyses of living birds at various taxonomic levels. The birds have evolved from theropod dinosaurs from which they can be defined by but a few morphological characters. The early evolutionary history of the group is characterized by the extinctions of many major clades by the end of the Cretaceous, and by several periods of rapid radiations and speciation. Recent years have seen a growing consensus about the higher-level relationships among living birds, at least as can be deduced from genetic data.

The Coronation in Medieval England: The Evolution of the Office and the Oath

Traditio ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 111-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Middle Ages

An explanatory foreword seems to be demanded by the studies in the English coronation ceremony here presented. I am conscious that on a number of points, views are now put forward incompatible with those I have expressed on other occasions since first I began to write on the subject. Further scrutiny of the evidence and the redating of some of the more important documents have, however, led me inevitably to conclusions at variance not only with those of other scholars, but with some that seemed plausible to me at the time of writing. What is principally in question is the history of the English coronation before 1308; but I have revised and elaborated the story of the evolution of the Fourth Recension of the English coronation office as it was presented by Professor Sayles and myself a good many years ago. It would be presumptuous on my part to pretend that I have given final answers to the many questions the tangled history of the English coronation provokes. I have changed my own mind too often to permit me to imagine that there may not be answers to those questions more satisfying than mine. But what I have written will, I trust, advance the study of obscure and complicated problems which have an important bearing upon the history of kingship in the Middle Ages and therefore upon medieval polity.

VII.—On a Collection of Antiquities from the Early Iron Age Cemetery of Hallstatt, presented to the British Museum by Lord Avebury, 1916

Archaeologia ◽  
1916 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
C. Hercules Read ◽  
Reginald A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute

The important series of antiquities that forms the subject of this communication was discovered at Hallstatt in the Salzkammergut, Austria, about the year 1869. The exploration was undertaken at the instance of Sir John Lubbock (afterwards Lord Avebury), and it is believed that a journal was kept of the daily results, as appears to have been the case in all instances where authorized digging took place on the site. Unluckily in the interval between 1869 and the present time the journal referring to Lord Avebury's exploration has disappeared, and we thus lack an important part of the information that it should have furnished, viz. the indications as to what objects were associated together, and whether the interments to which they belonged were by cremation or by inhumation. While this loss is much to be regretted, yet the absolute value and importance of the series is still very great, both as typical of the period which stands prominent as the classical example of a cultural turning-point in the history of the arts, and as filling a very serious gap in the evolutionary series in the national collection.

scholarly journals Moving Birds in Hawai'i: Assisted Colonisation in a Colonised Land

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
Thom Van Dooren
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Native Hawaiian ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Kanaka Maoli ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

In September 2011, a delicate cargo of 24 Nihoa Millerbirds was carefully loaded by conservationists onto a ship for a three-day voyage to Laysan Island in the remote Northwest Hawaiian Islands. The goal of this effort was to establish a second population of this endangered species, an “insurance population” in the face of the mounting pressures of climate change and potential new biotic arrivals. But the millerbird, or ulūlu in Hawaiian, is just one of the many avian species to become the subject of this kind of “assisted colonisation.” In Hawai'i, and around the world, recent years have seen a broad range of efforts to safeguard species by finding them homes in new places. Thinking through the ulūlu project, this article explores the challenges and possibilities of assisted colonisation in this colonised land. What does it mean to move birds in the context of the long, and ongoing, history of dispossession of the Kānaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people? How are distinct but entangled process of colonisation, of unworlding, at work in the lives of both people and birds? Ultimately, this article explores how these diverse colonisations might be understood and told responsibly in an era of escalating loss and extinction.

III.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites

1883 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Walter Flight
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
Large Size ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tertiary Sandstone

Two masses of meteoric iron were discovered in Victoria in 1854, and they were first reported upon by the late W. Haidinger in the Sitzungsberichte A kad. Wiss. in 1861. The smaller block became the property of Mr. Abel, the engineer; the larger one was purchased by Mr. A. Bruce, now of Chislehurst. It appears that Mr. Bruce had seen a piece of iron, which had the appearance of being meteoric iron, in the fireplace of a squatter there, and he asked the man if any more of that kind was to be met with in that neighbourhood. He was conducted to a spot in the adjoining parish of Sherwood, where an irregular spur of iron projected from the surface, and he there and then purchased it with the intention of presenting it to the British Museum. Later on, when they proceeded to dig round it and uncover its sides, they were astonished at its large size. Various sums of money were offered Mr. Bruce for the splendid block, but his one answer to all such offers was, “No; I have bought it for a sovereign; and I am going to give it to the British Museum.” As has been stated, a point only of the iron was above the surface. A photograph was taken on the spot by my late friend, Mr. R. Daintree, the Agent-General for Queensland, after the tertiary sandstone inclosing it had been removed. It is the same sandstone which crops out at Broughton, with basalt from 12–15 feet below, as on the coast at Western Port. Bruce states that the lower bed is Silurian, and that the block of iron penetrated a foot or more into it.

LYKOPHRON AND EPIGRAPHY: THE VALUE AND FUNCTION OF CULT EPITHETS IN THEALEXANDRA

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Hornblower
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek Religion ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

The subject of this paper is a striking and unavoidable feature of theAlexandra: Lykophron's habit of referring to single gods not by their usual names, but by multiple lists of epithets piled up in asyndeton. This phenomenon first occurs early in the 1474-line poem, and this occurrence will serve as an illustration. At 152–3, Demeter has five descriptors in a row: Ἐνναία ποτὲ | Ἕρκυνν' Ἐρινὺς Θουρία Ξιφηφόρος, ‘Ennaian … Herkynna, Erinys, Thouria, Sword-bearing’. In the footnote I give the probable explanations of these epithets. Although in this sample the explanations to most of the epithets are not to be found in inscriptions, my main aim in what follows will be to emphasize the relevance of epigraphy to the unravelling of some of the famous obscurity of Lykophron. In this paper, I ask why the poet accumulates divine epithets in this special way. I also ask whether the information provided by the ancient scholiasts, about the local origin of the epithets, is of good quality and of value to the historian of religion. This will mean checking some of that information against the evidence of inscriptions, beginning with Linear B. It will be argued that it stands up very well to such a check. TheAlexandrahas enjoyed remarkable recent vogue, but this attention has come mainly from the literary side. Historians, in particular historians of religion, and students of myths relating to colonial identity, have been much less ready to exploit the intricate detail of the poem, although it has so much to offer in these respects. The present article is, then, intended primarily as a contribution to the elucidation of a difficult literary text, and to the history of ancient Greek religion. Despite the article's main title, there will, as the subtitle is intended to make clear, be no attempt to gather and assess all the many passages in Lykophron to which inscriptions are relevant. There will, for example, be no discussion of 1141–74 and the early Hellenistic ‘Lokrian Maidens inscription’ (IG9.12706); or of the light thrown on 599 by the inscribed potsherds carrying dedications to Diomedes, recently found on the tiny island of Palagruza in the Adriatic, and beginning as early as the fifth centuryb.c.(SEG48.692bis–694); or of 733–4 and their relation to the fifth-centuryb.c.Athenian decree (n. 127) mentioning Diotimos, the general who founded a torch race at Naples, according to Lykophron; or of 570–85 and the epigraphically attested Archegesion or cult building of Anios on Delos, which shows that this strange founder king with three magical daughters was a figure of historical cult as well as of myth.

Augustinus: Der Markt der Geschwätzigkeit und der Sinn des Verstehens

Rhetorik ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
De Trinitate ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
De Magistro ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

AbstractThe paper discusses the intellectual development of Augustinus by means of his discussion of the status, the sense, the function and his judgement on rhetoric. This discussion let Augustinus be an important station in the history of the philosophy of language. Starting point is the explanation of the dialectics of the topos (or pathos) of the ›ineffabilis‹. Augustinus shows that the antirhetoric meaning of the ineffable leads in selfcontradictions. Therefore he discusses the forms and the conditions of understanding. This begins with the early dialogue De magistro and reaches to De trinitate and one of the central subjects within this theoretical mainwork of Augustinus: the concept of the verbum intimum. With the (at first view) extreme reductionism in the theory of signs, presented in De magistro - a mental ›oracle‹ is claimed as instance and criterion of understanding -, he destructs the naive representation-belief in an 1:1-relation between outer signs and mental contents. The subject of the ›inner word‹ in De trinitate then is the question of understanding signs as signs. It is shown that only the explanation of the inner word as a mental achievement within ordinary language is sufficient to answer the question of understanding. An excursus elucidates that the sermocinalis scientia of Wilhelm v. Ockham in the 14th century continues the discoveries and philosophical innovations, Augustinus made at the end of antiquity. These discoveries are inalienable for present debates concerning the philosophy of language. And they are inalienable for concepts of rhetoric based in the hermeneutics of understanding. The critique of rhetoric as ›fair of talkativeness‹ brings up a purified sight of the art of language: of the art, language ›is‹.

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