scholarly journals Home advantage mediated (HAM) by referee bias and team performance during covid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Merim Bilalić ◽  
Bartosz Gula ◽  
Nemanja Vaci
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Sporting Activities

AbstractThe fans’ importance in sports is acknowledged by the term ‘the 12th man’, a figurative extra player for the home team. Sport teams are indeed more successful when they play in front of their fans than when they play away. The supposed mechanism behind this phenomenon, termed Home Advantage (HA), is that fans’ support spurs home players to better performance and biases referees, which in turn determines the outcome. The inference about the importance of fans’ support is, however, indirect as there is normally a 12th man of this kind, even if it is an opponent’s. The current pandemic, which forced sporting activities to take place behind closed doors, provides the necessary control condition. Here we employ a novel conceptual HA model on a sample of over 4000 soccer matches from 12 European leagues, some played in front of spectators and some in empty stadia, to demonstrate that fans are indeed responsible for the HA. However, the absence of fans reduces the HA by a third, as the home team’s performance suffers and the officials’ bias disappears. The current pandemic reveals that the figurative 12th man is no mere fan hyperbole, but is in fact the most important player in the home team.

scholarly journals The (Missing) 12th Man: Home Advantage Mediated (HAM) by Referee Bias and Team Performance During Covid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merim Bilalic ◽  
Bartosz Gula ◽  
Nemanja Vaci
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Sporting Activities

The fans’ importance in sports is acknowledged by the term ‘the 12th man’, a figurative extra player for the home team. Sport teams are indeed more successful when they play in front of their fans than when they play away. The supposed mechanism behind this phenomenon, termed Home Advantage (HA), is that fans’ support spurs home players to better performance and biases referees, which in turn determines the outcome. The inference about the importance of fans’ support is, however, indirect as there is normally a 12th man of this kind, even if it is an opponent’s. The current pandemic, which forced sporting activities to take place behind closed doors, provides the necessary control condition. Here we employ a novel conceptual HA model on a sample of over 4,000 soccer matches from 12 European leagues, some played in front of spectators and some in empty stadia, to demonstrate that fans are indeed responsible for the HA. However, the absence of fans reduces the HA by a third, as the home team’s performance suffers and the officials’ bias disappears. The current pandemic reveals that the figurative 12th man is no mere fan hyperbole, but is in fact the most important player in the home team.

scholarly journals Home Advantage during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European football

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane Jamie McCarrick ◽  
Merim Bilalic ◽  
Nicholas Neave ◽  
Sandy Wolfson
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
European Football ◽  
Multi Level

The home advantage (HA) is a robust phenomenon in soccer whereby the home team wins more games and scores more goals than the away team. One explanation is that the home crowd spurs on home team performance and causes the referee to unconsciously favour the home team. The Covid-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to assess this explanation for HA, as European soccer leagues played part of the 2019/2020 season with crowds present and concluded with crowds absent. Using multi-level modelling we compared team performance and referee decisions pre-Covid (crowd present) and post-Covid (crowd absent) across 9,528 games from 15 leagues in 11 countries. HA (goals scored and points gained) was significantly reduced post pandemic, which reflected the inferior performance of the home team. In addition, referees awarded significantly fewer sanctions against the away teams, and home teams created significantly fewer attacking opportunities when they played without fans.

scholarly journals The Behaviour of Home Advantage during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Rink Hockey Leagues

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Jordi Arboix-Alió ◽  
Guillem Trabal ◽  
Bernat Buscà ◽  
Javier Peña ◽  
Adrià Arboix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Crowd Behaviour ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Performance Analyses

The primary purpose of the present study was to compare the home advantage (HA) and the home team performance in the most relevant European rink hockey leagues (Spanish, Portuguese and Italian), considering the presence or absence of spectators in the competition venues due to the effect of COVID-19 restrictions. The sample was composed of 1665 rink hockey matches (654 from the Spanish league, 497 from the Portuguese league, and 514 from the Italian league) played between the 2018–2019 and 2020–2021 seasons. The HA and match variables comparisons were established using several negative binomial regression models. Results showed that the effect of HA did not disappear despite playing without spectators but decreased from 63.99% to 57.41% (p = 0.002). Moreover, the comparison of the match variables showed that playing with spectators benefited local teams’ performance, especially in the Portuguese and Italian leagues. Playing with spectators favoured local team performance in rink hockey matches, which is more evident in some analysed leagues. However, as HA does not disappear entirely without spectators, it is necessary to study other relevant performance factors that are not directly or indirectly attributable to crowd behaviour in rink hockey performance analyses.

The Effect of the Audience on the Home Advantage

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1123-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simo Salminen
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Playing Time

According to a social psychological model for the home advantage, a supportive audience encourages the home team to play up to potential, while an unsupportive audience has the opposite effect. The audience's biased behavior results in an increase in penalties on the visiting team. The model was tested by conducting a content analysis of 56 matches shown on Finnish television between July 1984 and March 1986. The content analysis of each match registered the audience's clear reactions ( N = 126), goals, and penalties over a 5-minute playing time. The results did not confirm our theoretical model. When the audience supported the home team, the team scored more points and made more fouls than the visiting team. At the same time, the home team also scored more points when the audience supported the visiting team.

Chinese Super League stock prices and team performance

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Mao ◽  
Brian P. Soebbing ◽  
Nicholas M. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Capital Asset Pricing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Field Team ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Super League

PurposeUtilizing the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the purpose is to analyze whether the stock prices of the corporation that owns sport teams fluctuate based on team performance in the Chinese Super League (CSL).Design/methodology/approachSeveral CSL teams are publicly owned corporations. As such, the authors look to see if on-field performance impacts the stock price of the firms. Using the news model from previous research, seemingly unrelated regressions are estimated on CSL games from 2014 through 2017.FindingsThe results from the main models indicate some evidence of a statistical relationship between on-field team performance and stock price. Furthermore, the findings for individual teams across markets did not hold consistent across different markets. More specifically, the authors found some instances where successful on-field performance led to a decline in stock prices.Originality/valueThe present study further contributes to the growing literature related to on-field performance and stock prices. Unlike previous research, the use of the CSL as the empirical setting provides the opportunity to use multiple stock markets which provides an opportunity to further examine this relationship. Finally, the study contributes broadly to the literature on professional sports ownership structures around the world.

Coaches’ Perspectives of Intrateam Competition in High Performance Sport Teams

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Harenberg ◽  
Harold A. Riemer ◽  
Erwin Karreman ◽  
Kim D. Dorsch
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Head Coaches ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Constructive Process ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
University Level ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
Sport Coaches

Competition is a common phenomenon and occurs frequently in sports. In high performance sports, competition takes place not only between teams (interteam competition) but also within a team (intrateam competition). In the intrateam competition, coaches might play a central role because of their power to structure competition within their teams. Yet, there is a lack of research exploring how coaches facilitate this type of competition. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to explore how university-level team sport coaches’ experience, structure and use intrateam competition. Eight full-time Canadian Interuniversity Sports head coaches participated in semistructured interviews. The participants indicated that intrateam competition involves two distinct types of competition: situational and positional competition. While situational competition occurs primarily in practices, positional competition is an ongoing, continual process in which athletes who occupy the same position compete for playing time. The coaches shared important considerations about how to carefully structure and use both types of competition constructively. The study is an original account of intrateam competition as a multifaceted, constructive process within high performance sport teams.

scholarly journals The Hydration Status of Female Collegiate Soccer Players Over Consecutive Training and Match Days

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Holly E. Clarke ◽  
Rebekah S. Carpenter ◽  
Katie Spain-Mansmann ◽  
James Kyle Taylor ◽  
Matthew M. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Individual Player ◽  
Overall Performance

Purpose: Hydration has been shown to play a pivotal role in sport. Soccer is a team sport in which the integrity of all players is vital for team performance; thus, individual player hydration status is important. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the hydration status of female collegiate soccer players during regular season. Methods: Sixteen collegiate female soccer players (age: 20.4 ± 0.8 years; height: 163.6 ± 6.9 cm; weight: 65.3 ± 12 kg) provided urine over 9 days to monitor their hydration status. Hydration was determined by urine specific gravity (Usg).  Usg was analyzed in the morning (AM) and in the afternoon before practice/game (PM). Results: All 16 players were at least minimally hypohydrated (Usg > 1.010) in the AM on 5 of the 9 days tested. Players had significantly higher Usg values in the AM as compared to PM (F(1,250) = 23.09; p < 0.0001); however, there was no significant time*day interaction (F(1,250) = 1.98; p = 0.16). Conclusion: Data show a high prevalence of hypohydration occurring in this specific population. This sub-optimal hydration status could be a cause for concern in terms of overall performance. Efforts should be made to integrate hydration interventions and daily monitoring to minimize hypohydration in players.

Home advantage in elite handball: the impact of the quality of opposition on team performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Lago-Peñas ◽  
A. Miguel Gómez ◽  
Jorge Viaño ◽  
Iván González-García ◽  
María de Los ángeles Fernández-Villarino
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
The Impact

Keeping It Real or Bridging the Gap? Brand Positioning of U.S. Sport Teams in Germany and China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Anton Behrens ◽  
Yanxiang Yang ◽  
Sebastian Uhrich
Keyword(s):  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Brand Positioning ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Foreign Brand ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The U.S

Professional team sport brands are increasingly striving to conquer markets abroad. However, little is known about promising brand positioning strategies in international markets. In the context of U.S. team sport brands’ efforts to attract satellite fans in two different target markets (i.e., Germany and China), this research uses three experimental online studies to test the relative effects of two foreign brand positioning strategies (purely foreign vs. locally integrated foreign) on satellite fans’ attitudes toward the strategy and brand interaction intentions. Findings suggest that fans’ responses depend on the target market. While German fans respond more favorably to purely foreign brand positioning, Chinese fans prefer local adaptations of the U.S. brands to Chinese customs. These diverse effects can be explained by different underlying mechanisms: purely foreign brand positioning increases perceptions of authenticity among German fans, while locally integrated foreign brand positioning increases perceived customer orientation and pride among Chinese fans.

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