scholarly journals Acute objective and subjective intoxication effects of legal-market high potency THC-dominant versus CBD-dominant cannabis concentrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Drennan ◽  
H. C. Karoly ◽  
A. D. Bryan ◽  
K. E. Hutchison ◽  
L. C. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Legal Market ◽  
Mood Effects ◽  
Subjective Outcomes ◽  
Physical Sensation

AbstractAs the market for cannabis concentrate products grows, the lack of research regarding the effects of concentrated THC and CBD becomes more glaring. The present study analyzes cannabinoid blood levels and subjective outcomes of physical sensation and affective state after ad libitum use of legal-market concentrate products. Recreational cannabis users were randomly assigned to THC- or CBD-dominant concentrate products, completing a baseline session, and an experimental mobile laboratory session consisting of timepoints before, immediately after, and one-hour after concentrate use. THC-dominant concentrates induced higher intoxication, and higher ratings of drug effect and drug liking than the CBD-dominant concentrate. Both products induced immediate feelings of elation, diminishing over the subsequent hour. Subjective outcomes in the CBD-dominant group revealed immediate decreases in tension and anxiety relative to pre-use, while the THC-dominant group only saw significant decreases in anxiety after one hour. Paranoia spiked immediately post-use in THC-dominant concentrate users, returning to baseline within an hour. Overall, the CBD-dominant concentrate invoked positive mood effects, lower intoxication and an absence of undesirable effects experienced with the THC-dominant concentrate, potentially mitigating negative effects when combined. Results support the need for further investigation into harm-reduction potential of concentrated CBD when used alone and with THC.

scholarly journals Effects of 21 days of bed rest, with or without artificial gravity, on nutritional status of humans

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Zwart ◽  
G. E. Crawford ◽  
P. L. Gillman ◽  
G. Kala ◽  
A. S. Rodgers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Artificial Gravity ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Vitamin Status ◽  
Β Carotene

Spaceflight and bed rest models of microgravity have profound effects on physiological systems, including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and immune systems. These effects can be exacerbated by suboptimal nutrient status, and therefore it is critical to monitor nutritional status when evaluating countermeasures to mitigate negative effects of spaceflight. As part of a larger study to investigate the usefulness of artificial gravity as a countermeasure for musculoskeletal and cardiovascular deficits during bed rest, we tested the hypothesis that artificial gravity would have an effect on some aspects of nutritional status. Dietary intake was recorded daily before, during, and after 21 days of bed rest with artificial gravity ( n = 8) or bed rest alone ( n = 7). We examined body composition, hematology, general blood chemistry, markers of oxidative damage, and blood levels of selected vitamins and minerals before, during, and after the bed rest period. Several indicators of vitamin status changed in response to diet changes: serum α- and γ-tocopherol and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid decreased ( P < 0.001) and plasma β-carotene increased ( P < 0.001) in both groups during bed rest compared with before bed rest. A decrease in hematocrit ( P < 0.001) after bed rest was accompanied by a decrease in transferrin (P < 0.001), but transferrin receptors were not changed. These data provide evidence that artificial gravity itself does not negatively affect nutritional status during bed rest. Likewise, artificial gravity has no protective effect on nutritional status during bed rest.

LEVELS OF CORTICOTROPHIN ANALOGUES IN THE BLOOD AFTER INFUSION INTO RATS

1975 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN McMARTIN ◽  
JUDY PETERS
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Lower Blood

SUMMARY An isolated rat adrenal cell bioassay was used to measure blood concentrations in rats after infusion of synthetic human ACTH, corticotrophin-(1-24)-tetracosapeptide or [d-Ser1, Lys17, Lys18]corticotrophin-(1-18)-octadecapeptide amide. Lower blood levels were found with the 1-24 peptide than with human ACTH and the highest levels were found with the 1-18 peptide. These results suggest that the 1-24 peptide which is almost equipotent with natural ACTH in vivo may be more potent at the receptor and corroborate findings to this effect obtained with isolated adrenal cells. The high potency and prolonged action of the 1-18 analogue in vivo are also explained by these results. Low arterial blood concentrations of the 1-24 peptide and human ACTH were found during infusion, suggesting that substantial inactivation must be occurring in a single passage through the lungs. The effects of renal ligature on blood concentrations indicated that the kidney is involved in handling the 1-18 peptide and that human ACTH is also cleared by this organ. After infusion the fall in blood concentrations was biphasic. It is suggested that the rapid phase is due to clearance of peptides in the circulation which results in a fall to lower blood concentrations which are sustained by slow release of peptide from binding sites which act as a depot.

Intergroup Contact

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Broadcast Media ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Perceptions Of Inequality ◽  
Individual Group Member ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Member

Contact between members of different groups has long been advocated as a productive means for reducing intergroup prejudice. The empirical evidence supports this notion, with hundreds of studies indicating that people (especially people from dominant groups) gain more positive attitudes towards other groups (typically non-dominant groups) by communicating with members of those groups. Generalization from the individual group member to the group as a whole is stronger when the target’s group membership is salient during the encounter, albeit that generalization might be positive or negative. Recent years have seen expanded definitions of intergroup contact, moving from direct face-to-face contact to broader realms such as imagining interaction with the outgroup, contacting the outgroup through interactive (e.g., computer) or non-interactive (e.g., broadcast) media, and becoming aware of or observing contact involving other ingroup and outgroup members. Several suggestions for the most effective content of contact have been supplied, but the most definitive recommendation is simply that the contact not be negative: contact involving extensive conflict and negative emotions do not reduce prejudice. The effects of contact can occur through a wide variety of mediators, but the most commonly studied have been anxiety and empathy: contact reduces anxiety and increases empathy, and those emotional responses translate into more positive intergroup attitudes. Counter-intuitively, some evidence suggests that contact is most effective for people with higher levels of pre-existing prejudice. Contact can have some ironic negative effects on progress towards societal equity. In particular, considerable evidence suggests that harmonious intergroup contact can reduce perceptions of inequality and suppress the motivation for social change for dominant and subordinate groups. For subordinate groups specifically, a positive intergroup experience with a dominant group member can reduce the drive to actively challenge the status quo.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS HATI TIKUS (RATTUS SP) YANG DIBERI RANSUM MENGANDUNG TEPUNG DAUN KALIANDRA (Calliandra calothyrsus) DAN KULIT NANAS (Ananas comosus) SELAMA MASA PERTUMBUHAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
IRIANI SETYAWATI ◽  
I GUSTI NGURAH AGUNG DEWANTARA PUTRA ◽  
NI GUSTI KETUT RONI
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Pineapple Peel ◽  
Animal Diet

Calliandra calothyrsus leaves contain 17-28% protein thus potential as a protein source in animal diet. However, it also contain a high antinutrition of condensed tannins (>10%). The addition of protease enzymes (bromelain) in the diet containing tannins is expected to overcome the negative effects of tannins. Bromelain can be obtained from the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus) including the peel. This study was a feeding experiment on weaned male and female rats during the growth period. This study used a completely randomized design of 4x4 factorial design. The main factor was Calliandra leaf meal substitution levels of 0; 10; 17.5 and 25% in the diet. The sub factor was pineapple peel additive levels of 0; 4.35; 8.70 and 13.05 g/rat/day. Weaned rats were divided into 16 groups and they were fed for two months during growth period. The study showed that there was no interaction between calliandra leaves and pineapple peels on the rat liver activity including the blood levels of SGOT and SGPT levels. SGPT and SGOT levels were not affected by all levels of pineapple peels in the diets. All calliandra levels did not affect the level of SGOT, but 17.5 and 25% calliandra in the diets increased SGPT level.

scholarly journals Child and Parent Perceived Determinants of Children’s Inadequate Sleep Health. A Concept Mapping Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Belmon ◽  
Vincent Busch ◽  
Maartje van Stralen ◽  
Dominique Stijnman ◽  
Lisan Hidding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concept Mapping ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Mapping Study ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sleep Habits ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Inadequate Sleep

Many children do not meet the recommendations for healthy sleep, which is concerning given the potential negative effects on children’s health. To promote healthy sleep, it is crucial to understand its determinants. This concept mapping study therefore explores perspectives of children and parents on potential determinants of children’s inadequate sleep. The focus lies on 9–12 year old children (n = 45), and their parents (n = 33), from low socioeconomic neighbourhoods, as these children run a higher risk of living in a sleep-disturbing environment (e.g., worries, noise). All participants generated potential reasons (i.e., ideas) for children’s inadequate sleep. Next, participants sorted all ideas by relatedness and rated their importance. Subsequently, multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to create clusters of ideas for children and parents separately. Children and parents both identified psychological (i.e., fear, affective state, stressful situation), social environmental (i.e., sleep schedule, family sleep habits), behavioural (i.e., screen behaviour, physical activity, diet), physical environmental (i.e., sleep environment such as temperature, noise, light), and physiological (i.e., physical well-being) determinants. These insights may be valuable for the development of future healthy sleep interventions.

scholarly journals Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (15) ◽  
pp. 3181-3189 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Freeman ◽  
A. R. Winstock
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Cannabis Dependence ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Addiction Services ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundCannabis use is decreasing in England and Wales, while demand for cannabis treatment in addiction services continues to rise. This could be partly due to an increased availability of high-potency cannabis.MethodAdults residing in the UK were questioned about their drug use, including three types of cannabis (high potency: skunk; low potency: other grass, resin). Cannabis types were profiled and examined for possible associations between frequency of use and (i) cannabis dependence, (ii) cannabis-related concerns.ResultsFrequent use of high-potency cannabis predicted a greater severity of dependence [days of skunk use per month: b = 0.254, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.161–0.357, p < 0.001] and this effect became stronger as age decreased (b = −0.006, 95% CI −0.010 to −0.002, p = 0.004). By contrast, use of low-potency cannabis was not associated with dependence (days of other grass use per month: b = 0.020, 95% CI −0.029 to 0.070, p = 0.436; days of resin use per month: b = 0.025, 95% CI −0.019 to 0.067, p = 0.245). Frequency of cannabis use (all types) did not predict severity of cannabis-related concerns. High-potency cannabis was clearly distinct from low-potency varieties by its marked effects on memory and paranoia. It also produced the best high, was preferred, and most available.ConclusionsHigh-potency cannabis use is associated with an increased severity of dependence, especially in young people. Its profile is strongly defined by negative effects (memory, paranoia), but also positive characteristics (best high, preferred type), which may be important when considering clinical or public health interventions focusing on cannabis potency.

Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 999-1007
Author(s):  
Carl A Roberts ◽  
Isaac Osborne-Miller ◽  
Jon Cole ◽  
Suzanne H Gage ◽  
Paul Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Actual Harm ◽  
Mood Effects ◽  
Perceived Harm ◽  
Perception Of Harm

Background: Data on actual harm of magic mushrooms suggest that toxicity and abuse potential is low, however, their legal status suggests otherwise. We aimed to gauge perception of harm of magic mushrooms in both users and mushroom-naïve participants. We also aimed to observe differences in expectations of effects between users and mushroom-naïve participants, and whether motivations for use predicted their expected effects. Method: In total, 73 polydrug users with experience of using magic mushrooms and 78 mushroom-naïve participants completed an online survey. We asked participants to rank a list of 10 substances from most dangerous to least dangerous and questioned them about expectation of effect using a modified magic mushroom expectation questionnaire. Users were asked about their motivations for using magic mushrooms. Results: Both groups perceive mushrooms to be safer than heroin, cocaine, prescription painkillers, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ecstasy, tobacco and alcohol. However, the mushroom-naïve group ranked mushrooms as significantly more dangerous than the user group. Non-users reported greater expectancy for negative intoxication. Users reported greater expected entactogenic, prosocial, aesthetic and mood effects, and perceptual alterations. Finally, expectant effects of mushroom use were associated with different motivations for use, for example using for personal psychotherapy was associated with expectation of increased entactogenic effects and decreased negative effects. Conclusion: Our data suggest a general perception of harm that is in line with data on actual harm, but at odds with current legal classifications. Future clinical investigations may require management of negative intoxication expectation of participants with no prior experience of psilocybin.

Enhancing Interpersonal Communication: Positive Mood Effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1535-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Webster Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Mood Effects ◽  
Abstract Stimuli ◽  
Neutral Affect

I tested the possibility that positive affect would promote the design of effective interpersonal communication. Participants were 44 male and 96 female undergraduates at a mid-sized university in the Southeastern United States, who were induced to experience positive or neutral affect and were then asked to design communications relating to 15 abstract stimuli. Results indicated that, compared with the participants who had experienced neutral affect, those in a positive mood constructed messages that contained greater detail and more literal information for another person (vs. messages intended for their own use at a later time). This suggests that those experiencing positive affect made adjustments to account for the perspective of the recipient. That effect was not observed for participants experiencing a neutral mood. My findings suggest that effective interpersonal communication depends, in part, on the affective state of the communicator.

scholarly journals Eustress and Distress Analysis Based on Neuro-Physiological Model of Affect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350-1357
Author(s):  
Norhaslinda Kamaruddin Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Neurophysiological Model ◽  
Psychological Instruments

Researchers have focused on the negative effects of stress while its benefits have been relatively ignored. There has been limited studies to quantitatively understand the positive impact of stress. Although most of the studies were carried out by psychologist, in general, stress can be characterized by negative valence from the perspective of the affective state model (ASM). In fact, most recent psychological findings show that positive stress, also known as eustress, can improve motivation factor of an individual. In this paper we propose the use of electroencephalography (EEG) device to capture the brain's electrical activity in the frontal and central areas, in identifying positive (eustress) and negative (distress) stress. The distinctive brainwave patterns from the EEG device can be used to extract emotion/mood information of an individual and can be used to corelate the differing stress. The neurophysiological Model of affect (NPMoA) extracts the valence (V) and arousal (A) from the brainwave signals and corelate then to the psychological instruments for extracting eustress and distress. The Student Academic Stress Scale (SASS) will be used as the psychological instruments to extract eustress and distress. Preliminary results show the ability of using the EEG device to extract the brainwave pattern and to use in detecting stress based on the valence and arousal of the emotion. It is expected that NPMoA should be able to reveal correlation between positive emotions and eustress through the V and A. Such understanding can be extended to further analyze different stressors for academic stress and their effects on the brain signals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document