Occipital neural dynamics in cannabis and alcohol use: independent effects of addiction

AbstractAlcohol and cannabis use disorder (AUD/CUD) are two of the most common addictive disorders. While studies are beginning to understand the neural changes related to acute and chronic use, few studies have examined the independent effects of AUD and CUD on neural oscillatory activity. We examined 45 adults who reported current use of both cannabis and alcohol. Participants underwent the SCID-V to determine whether they met criteria for AUD and/or CUD. Participants also completed a visual-spatial processing task while undergoing magnetoencephalography (MEG). ANCOVA with a 2 × 2 design was then used to identify the main effects of AUD and CUD on source-level oscillatory activity. Of the 45 adults, 17 met criteria for AUD, and 26 met criteria for CUD. All participants, including comparison groups, reported use of both cannabis and alcohol. Statistical analyses showed a main effect of AUD, such that participants with AUD displayed a blunted occipital alpha (8–16 Hz) response. Post-hoc testing showed this decreased alpha response was related to increased AUD symptoms, above and beyond amount of use. No effects of AUD or CUD were identified in visual theta or gamma activity. In conclusion, AUD was associated with reduced alpha responses and scaled with increasing severity, independent of CUD. These findings indicate that alpha oscillatory activity may play an integral part in networks affected by alcohol addiction.

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Feature integration in visual working memory: parietal gamma activity is related to cognitive coordination

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00246.2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (6) ◽

pp. 3185-3194 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Helen M. Morgan ◽

Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy ◽

Carina S. Hibbs ◽

Kimron L. Shapiro ◽

R. Martyn Bracewell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Parietal Lobe ◽

Feature Integration ◽

Gamma Activity ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Gamma Frequency ◽

Visual Spatial ◽

High Gamma ◽

Types Of Information

The mechanism by which distinct subprocesses in the brain are coordinated is a central conundrum of systems neuroscience. The parietal lobe is thought to play a key role in visual feature integration, and oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency range has been associated with perception of coherent objects and other tasks requiring neural coordination. Here, we examined the neural correlates of integrating mental representations in working memory and hypothesized that parietal gamma activity would be related to the success of cognitive coordination. Working memory is a classic example of a cognitive operation that requires the coordinated processing of different types of information and the contribution of multiple cognitive domains. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we report parietal activity in the high gamma (80–100 Hz) range during manipulation of visual and spatial information (colors and angles) in working memory. This parietal gamma activity was significantly higher during manipulation of visual-spatial conjunctions compared with single features. Furthermore, gamma activity correlated with successful performance during the conjunction task but not during the component tasks. Cortical gamma activity in parietal cortex may therefore play a role in cognitive coordination.

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Digit Variability in Carotenoid Scores Obtained with the Veggie Meter: A Pilot Study (P02-001-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz029.p02-001-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Velarie Ansu ◽

Stephanie Dickinson ◽

Alyce Fly

Keyword(s):

Indiana University ◽

Left Hand ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Right Hand ◽

Period Data ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Main Effects ◽

Mean Square Errors

Abstract Objectives To determine which digit and hand have the highest and lowest skin carotenoid scores, to compare inter-and-intra-hand variability of digits, and to determine if results are consistent with another subject. Methods Two subjects’ first(F1), second(F2), third(F3) and fifth(F5) digits on both hands were measured for skin carotenoids with a Veggie Meter, for 3 times on each of 18 days over a 37-day period. Data were subjected to ANOVA in a factorial treatment design to determine main effects for hand (2 levels), digits (4), and days (18) along with interactions. Differences between digits were determined by Tukey's post hoc test. Results There were significant hand x digit, hand x day, digit x day, and hand x digit x day interactions and significant simple main effects for hand, digit, and day (all P < 0.001). Mean square errors were 143.67 and 195.62 for subject A and B, respectively, which were smaller than mean squares for all main effects and interactions. The mean scores ± SD for F1, F2, F3, and F5 digits for the right vs left hands for subject A were F1:357.13 ± 45.97 vs 363.74 ± 46.94, F2:403.17 ± 44.77 vs. 353.20 ± 44.13, F3:406.76 ± 43.10 vs. 357.11 ± 45.13, and F5:374.95 ± 53.00 vs. 377.90 ± 47.38. For subject B, the mean scores ± SD for digits for the right vs left hands were F1:294.72 ± 61.63 vs 280.71 ± 52.48, F2:285.85 ± 66.92 vs 252.67 ± 67.56, F3:268.56 ± 57.03 vs 283.22 ± 45.87, and F5:288.18 ± 34.46 vs 307.54 ± 40.04. The digits on the right hand of both subjects had higher carotenoid scores than those on the left hands, even though subjects had different dominant hands. Subject A had higher skin carotenoid scores on the F3 and F2 digits for the right hand and F5 on the left hand. Subject B had higher skin carotenoid scores on F5 (right) and F1 (left) digits. Conclusions The variability due to hand, digit, and day were all greater than that of the 3 replicates within the digit-day for both volunteers. This indicates that data were not completely random across the readings when remeasuring the same finger. Different fingers displayed higher carotenoid scores for each volunteer. There is a need to conduct a larger study with more subjects and a range of skin tones to determine whether the reliability of measurements among digits of both hands is similar across the population. Funding Sources Indiana University.

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The effect of workload, work experience and inclined standing surface on visual spatial perception: Fall potential/prevention implications

Occupational Ergonomics ◽

10.3233/oer-2003-3406 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 251-259

Author(s):

Laurel Kincl ◽

Amit Bhattacharya ◽

Paul Succop ◽

Angshuman Bagchee

Keyword(s):

Work Experience ◽

Spatial Perception ◽

Parameter Estimates ◽

Industrial Workers ◽

Job Experience ◽

Horizontal Orientation ◽

Visual Spatial ◽

Visual Inputs ◽

Inclined Surfaces ◽

Main Effects

Maintenance of upright balance involves interplay between sensory (somatosensory, vestibular and visual) inputs and neuro-motor outputs. Visual spatial perception (VSP) of vertical and horizontal orientation plays a significant role in the maintenance of upright balance. For this experiment, a custom designed computer program randomly generated 42 images of horizontal and vertical lines at various angles for 60 industrial workers (39 ± 9.8 years). Half of the workers had more than three years of experience working on inclined and/or elevated surfaces. The main effects investigated included within subject factors of standing surface inclination (0°, 14° and 26°), job experience (number of months), and postural workload (0%, 50% or 100%). The VSP outcome measure was the count of correct responses to the angles presented. The inclination did not have a significant effect on VSP, but the parameter estimates indicated less correct responses on the inclined surfaces. The postural workload significantly affected the VSP, indicating that with increased workload, less correct responses were given. Finally, job experience was found to improve VSP response scores. In summary, these results indicate that job experience increases accurate VSP, while workloads and inclined work surfaces decrease accurate VSP responses.

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The Effects of Toothbrush Wear on the Surface Roughness and Gloss of Resin Composites with Various Types of Matrices

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj9010008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Murtadha AlAli ◽

Nikolaos Silikas ◽

Julian Satterthwaite

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Pairwise Comparisons ◽

Resin Composites ◽

Hybrid Resin ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Main Effects ◽

Toothbrush Wear

Objective: To evaluate and compare the surface roughness and gloss of a DMA-free composite and Bis-GMA-free composite with a DMA-based composite before and after toothbrushing simulation. Materials and Methods: Fifteen dimensionally standardised composite specimens of three nano-hybrid resin composites (Tetric EvoCeram, Admira Fusion, and Venus Diamond) were used. Five specimens from each composite were polished and then subjected to a toothbrushing simulator. Surface roughness (Ra) and gloss were measured before toothbrushing and after 5000, 10,000, 15,000, and 20,000 toothbrushing cycles. The data was analysed using 5 × 3 ANOVA to assess surface roughness and gloss values and pairwise comparisons in the form of Tukey post hoc tests were performed to interpret main effects. Results: For all tested materials, surface roughness increased, and gloss decreased after toothbrushing abrasion. Surface roughness (Ra) values ranged from 0.14 to 0.22 μm at baseline and increased to between 0.41 and 0.49 μm after 20,000 toothbrushing cycles. Gloss values ranged between 31.9 and 50.6 GU at baseline and between 5.1 and 19.5 GU after 20,000 toothbrushing cycles. The lowest initial Ra value was detected in Venus Diamond and the highest initial gloss value was detected in Tetric EvoCeram. Conclusions: Simulated toothbrushing abrasion led to an increase in surface roughness and a decrease in gloss for all tested materials. Venus Diamond had the smoothest surface and Tetric EvoCeram had the glossiest surface after polishing and following 20,000 cycles of toothbrushing abrasion. Admira Fusion demonstrated the roughest surface and had the lowest gloss values before and after toothbrushing abrasion.

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Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.100.2.488-492 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 488-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽

Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽

Vladimir Takšić

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Optimal Number ◽

Female Students ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Main Effect ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

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Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces

Psihologija ◽

10.2298/psi1603301m ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 301-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tatjana Mentus ◽

Slobodan Markovic

Keyword(s):

Facial Attractiveness ◽

Cognitive Factor ◽

Perceptual Factor ◽

Main Effect ◽

Perfect Symmetry ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Human Faces ◽

Main Effects ◽

Unfamiliar Faces ◽

Font Color

The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive factor) on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL) and right-right (RR) versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar) faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn?t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor) play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033] This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI1701101E">10.2298/PSI1701101E</a>

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Carbachol Induces Fast Oscillations in the Medial but not in the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex of the Isolated Guinea Pig Brain

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2441 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 2441-2450 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Solange van der Linden ◽

Ferruccio Panzica ◽

Marco de Curtis

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Entorhinal Cortex ◽

Gamma Oscillations ◽

Gamma Activity ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Medial Entorhinal Cortex ◽

Arterial Perfusion ◽

Fast Oscillations ◽

Guinea Pig Brain

Fast oscillations at 25–80 Hz (gamma activity) have been proposed to play a role in attention-related mechanisms and synaptic plasticity in cortical structures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the preservation of the entorhinal cortex is necessary to maintain gamma oscillations in the hippocampus. Because gamma activity can be reproduced in vitro by cholinergic activation, this study examined the characteristics of gamma oscillations induced by arterial perfusion or local intracortical injections of carbachol in the entorhinal cortex of the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain preparation. Shortly after carbachol administration, fast oscillatory activity at 25.2–28.2 Hz was observed in the medial but not in the lateral entorhinal cortex. Such activity was transiently associated with oscillations in the theta range that showed a variable pattern of distribution in the entorhinal cortex. No oscillatory activity was observed when carbachol was injected in the lateral entorhinal cortex. Gamma activity in the medial entorhinal cortex showed a phase reversal at 200–400 μm, had maximal amplitude at 400–500 μm depth, and was abolished by arterial perfusion of atropine (5 μM). Local carbachol application in the medial entorhinal cortex induced gamma oscillations in the hippocampus, whereas no oscillations were observed in the amygdala and in the piriform, periamygdaloid, and perirhinal cortices ipsilateral and contralateral to the carbachol injection. Hippocampal oscillations had higher frequency than the gamma activity recorded in the entorhinal cortex, suggesting the presence of independent generators in the two structures. The selective ability of the medial but not the lateral entorhinal cortex to generate gamma activity in response to cholinergic activation suggests a differential mode of signal processing in entorhinal cortex subregions.

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Pubertal Testosterone Tracks the Developmental Trajectory of Neural Oscillatory Activity Serving Visuospatial Processing

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhaa169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (11) ◽

pp. 5960-5971 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Madison H Fung ◽

Brittany K Taylor ◽

Michaela R Frenzel ◽

Jacob A Eastman ◽

Yu-Ping Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Trajectory ◽

Gamma Activity ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Oscillatory Dynamics ◽

Gamma Range ◽

Visuospatial Perception ◽

Hormonal Fluctuations ◽

Visuospatial Processing ◽

The Right

Abstract Puberty is a period of substantial hormonal fluctuations that induce dramatic physical, neurological, and behavioral changes. Previous research has demonstrated that pubertal hormones modulate cortical development, as well as sex- and age-specific patterns of cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. However, the influence of pubertal hormones on the brain’s functional development, specifically neural oscillatory dynamics, has yet to be fully examined. Thus, in the current study, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial perception and attention, and testosterone levels and chronological age as measures of development. Within a sample of typically developing youth, age was associated with changes in alpha, theta, and gamma oscillatory activity. Novel testosterone-by-sex interactions in the gamma range were identified in critical areas of the visual and attention networks. Females had increased gamma activity with increasing testosterone in the right temporal-parietal junction and occipital cortices, while males showed increased gamma activity in the right insula with increasing testosterone. These findings reveal robust developmental alterations in the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial processing during childhood and adolescence and provide novel insight into the hormonal basis of sexually dimorphic patterns of functional brain development during the pubertal transition that is at least partially mediated by endogenous testosterone.

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Dose-Response Effects of Strawberries on Atherogenic Lipoproteins: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 75-75

Author(s):

Ann Skulas-Ray ◽

Chesney Richter ◽

Trent Gaugler ◽

Stacey Meily ◽

Kristina Petersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Serum Lipoprotein ◽

High Dose ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Supplementation Period ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Main Effects

Abstract Objectives Previous research indicates that consumption of strawberries may provide benefits for reduction of atherogenic lipoproteins but has not identified an optimal dose. Our objective was to evaluate effects of 2 doses of strawberry powder, approximately equivalent to 1 and 3 servings of strawberries per day, on serum lipoprotein concentrations. Methods Middle-aged adults (n = 40, age 49 ± 1 year) with elevated LDL-C (140 ± 4 mg/dL) and elevated BMI (29.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2) consumed 0 g/d (control), 13 g/d (low-dose), and 40 g/d (high-dose) of freeze-dried strawberry powder in a randomized crossover design (4-week supplementation periods separated by a 2 week compliance break). Fasting blood samples were obtained on two separate days (and averaged) at study-entry baseline and following each supplementation period. Results There were significant main effects of treatment (P ≤ 0.05) for calculated LDL-C, nonHDL-C, and total cholesterol (TC). In post hoc tests, the low-dose resulted in 5% lower LDL-C vs. the high-dose (P = 0.01), 4% lower nonHDL-C vs. control (P = 0.04), and 3% lower TC for the low-dose vs. control and high-dose (P ≤ 0.04). Compared to baseline, low-dose strawberry supplementation also significantly reduced direct LDL-C (−6.8 mg/dL, P = 0.02), but there was not a main effect of treatment. Conclusions Our results suggest that low-dose supplementation with freeze dried strawberry powder, roughly equivalent to one serving of strawberries per day, was superior to high-dose supplementation for improving atherogenic lipoproteins in overweight adults. Funding Sources California Strawberry Commission.

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Specific-Language-Impaired Children’s Quick Incidental Learning of Words

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.3505.1040 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 1040-1048 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Mabel L. Rice ◽

JoAnn Buhr ◽

Janna B. Oetting

Keyword(s):

Incidental Learning ◽

Word Comprehension ◽

Specific Language ◽

Language Impaired ◽

Comparison Groups ◽

Control Version ◽

Mean Length Of Utterance ◽

Main Effects ◽

Impaired Children ◽

Better Than

It was hypothesized that the initial word comprehension of specific-language-impaired children would be enhanced by the insertion of a short pause just before a sentence-final novel word. Three groups of children served as subjects: twenty 5-year-old, specific-languageimpaired (SLI) children, and two comparison groups of normally developing children, 20 matched for mean length of utterance (MLU) and 32 matched for chronological age (CA). The children were randomly assigned to two conditions for viewing video programs. The programs were animated stories that featured five novel object words and five novel attribute words, presented in a voice-over narration. The experimental version introduced a pause before the targeted words; the control version was identical except for normal prosody instead of a pause. Counter to the predictions, there was no effect for condition. Insertion of a pause did not improve the SLI children’s initial comprehension of novel words. There were group main effects, with the CA matches better than either of the other two groups and no differences between the SLI children and the MLU-matched children.

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