scholarly journals Surveillance of avian influenza viruses from 2009 to 2013 in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong-Hyun Nam ◽  
Erica Españo ◽  
Eun-Jung Song ◽  
Sang-Mu Shim ◽  
Woonsung Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Migratory Waterfowl ◽  
Sequence Identity

AbstractAvian influenza viruses (AIVs) are carried by wild migratory waterfowl across migratory flyways. To determine the strains of circulating AIVs that may pose a risk to poultry and humans, regular surveillance studies must be performed. Here, we report the surveillance of circulating AIVs in South Korea during the winter seasons of 2009–2013. A total of 126 AIVs were isolated from 7942 fecal samples from wild migratory birds, with a total isolation rate of 1.59%. H1‒H7 and H9‒H11 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes, and N1‒N3, N5, and N7‒N9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were successfully isolated, with H6 and N2 as the most predominant HA and NA subtypes, respectively. Sequence identity search showed that the HA and NA genes of the isolates were highly similar to those of low-pathogenicity influenza strains from the East Asian-Australasian flyway. No match was found for the HA genes of high-pathogenicity influenza strains. Thus, the AIV strains circulating in wild migratory birds from 2009 to 2013 in South Korea likely had low pathogenicity. Continuous surveillance studies such as this one must be performed to identify potential precursors of influenza viruses that may threaten animal and human health.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Novel H7Nx Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses from Wild Birds in South Korea during the Winter of 2020–2021

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2274
Author(s):  
Yu-Na Lee ◽  
Dong-Hun Lee ◽  
Jung-Hoon Kwon ◽  
Jae-In Shin ◽  
Seo Yun Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Zoonotic Infection ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Constellation Analysis

Zoonotic infection with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of subtype H7, such as H7N9 and H7N4, has raised concerns worldwide. During the winter of 2020–2021, five novel H7 low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) containing different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes, including two H7N3, an H7N8, and two H7N9, were detected in wild bird feces in South Korea. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel H7Nx AIVs were reassortants containing two gene segments (hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix) that were related to the zoonotic Jiangsu–Cambodian H7 viruses causing zoonotic infection and six gene segments originating from LPAIVs circulating in migratory birds in Eurasia. A genomic constellation analysis demonstrated that all H7 isolates contained a mix of gene segments from different viruses, indicating that multiple reassortment occurred. The well-known mammalian adaptive substitution (E627K and D701N) in PB2 was not detected in any of these isolates. The detection of multiple reassortant H7Nx AIVs in wild birds highlights the need for intensive surveillance in both wild birds and poultry in Eurasia.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Assessment of Avian Influenza Viruses in Migratory Birds

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Eun-Ha Kim ◽  
Young-ll Kim ◽  
Se Mi Kim ◽  
Kwang-Min Yu ◽  
Mark Anthony B. Casel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses

scholarly journals Ecology of H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea and assessment of their pathogenic potentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Suk Song ◽  
Taek-Kyu Oh ◽  
Ho Jin Moon ◽  
Dai-Woon Yoo ◽  
Eun Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

To determine the genetic origins of novel H3 avian influenza viruses of chickens and ducks in Korea, genetic characterization of H3 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets and migratory aquatic birds in South Korea during 2004–2006 was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that at least four novel genotypes of H3N2 and two genotypes of H3N6 avian influenza viruses were co-circulating in backyard poultry of Korea. The viruses were reassortants between H9N2 viruses of Korean chickens and unknown influenza viruses of migratory birds. Genetic comparison of H3 viruses from live bird markets with those from wild bird isolates revealed that certain gene segments of wild bird isolates are related closely to those of Korean group H9N2 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in 2003. Furthermore, animal-challenge studies demonstrated that the pathogenicity of certain avian H3 influenza viruses was altered due to reassortment, leading to H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea that can potentially expand their host range to include mammals. These studies emphasize the continuing need to monitor backyard poultry at live poultry markets to better understand interspecies transmission and the emergence of novel influenza viruses that have the potential to infect humans.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of H7N7 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from South Korea

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2057
Author(s):  
Eun-Jee Na ◽  
Young-Sik Kim ◽  
Yoon-Ji Kim ◽  
Jun-Soo Park ◽  
Jae-Ku Oem
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ha Gene

H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In addition to avian species, H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) also infect humans. In this study, two AIVs, H7N9 (20X-20) and H7N7 (34X-2), isolated from the feces of wild birds in South Korea in 2021, were genetically analyzed. The HA cleavage site of the two H7 Korean viruses was confirmed to be ELPKGR/GLF, indicating they are LPAIVs. There were no amino acid substitutions at the receptor-binding site of the HA gene of two H7 Korean viruses compared to that of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), which prefer human receptors. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses shared the highest nucleotide similarity with the Korean H7 subtype AIVs. In addition, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses showed high nucleotide similarity to that of the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus, which is a human influenza virus originating from avian influenza virus. Most internal genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, M, and NS) of the two H7 Korean viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, except for the M gene of 34X-2. This result suggests that active reassortment occurred among AIVs. In pathogenicity studies of mice, the two H7 Korean viruses replicated in the lungs of mice. In addition, the body weight of mice infected with 34X-2 decreased 7 days post-infection (dpi) and inflammation was observed in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of the lungs of mice. These results suggest that mammals can be infected with the two H7 Korean AIVs. Our data showed that even low pathogenic H7 AIVs may infect mammals, including humans, as confirmed by the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus. Therefore, continuous monitoring and pathogenicity assessment of AIVs, even of LPAIVs, are required.

scholarly journals Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in South Korea between 2012 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Kyoung Lee ◽  
Hyun-Mi Kang ◽  
Byung-Min Song ◽  
Yu-NA Lee ◽  
Gyeong-Beum Heo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses

scholarly journals Continuous Reassortment of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenetic Avian Influenza Viruses Demonstrating High Risk to Public Health

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanan Li ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yang Guo ◽  
Jinchao Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
The World

Since it firstly emerged in China in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has rapidly replaced predominant H5N1 to become the dominant H5 subtype in China, especially in ducks. Not only endemic in China, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in South Korea, Japan, and Europe. Here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs continuously reassorted with local H5, H6, and H7N9/H9N2. Species analysis reveals that aquatic poultry and migratory birds became the dominant hosts of H5N6. Adaption to aquatic poultry might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 better adapt to migratory birds, thus enabling it to become endemic in China. Besides, migratory birds might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 transmit all over the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs also showed a preference for α2,6-SA receptors when compared to other avian origin influenza viruses. Experiments in vitro and in vivo revealed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs exhibited high replication efficiency in both avian and mammal cells, and it also showed high pathogenicity in both mice and chickens, demonstrating high risk to public health. Considering all the factors together, adaption to aquatic poultry and migratory birds helps clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 overcome the geographical isolation, and it has potential to be the next influenza pandemic in the world, making it worthy of our attention.

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