scholarly journals Spatial attention in encoding letter combinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahalakshmi Ramamurthy ◽  
Alex L. White ◽  
Clementine Chou ◽  
Jason D. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Letter Processing

AbstractReading requires the correct identification of letters and letter positions within words. Selective attention is, therefore, required to select chunks of the text for sequential processing. Despite the extensive literature on visual attention, the well-known effects of spatial cues in simple perceptual tasks cannot inform us about the role of attention in a task as complex as reading. Here, we systematically manipulate spatial attention in a multi-letter processing task to understand the effects of spatial cues on letter encoding in typical adults. Overall, endogenous (voluntary) cue benefits were larger than exogenous (reflexive). We show that cue benefits are greater in the left than in the right visual field and larger for the most crowded letter positions. Endogenous valid cues reduced errors due to confusing letter positions more than misidentifications, specifically for the most crowded letter positions. Therefore, shifting endogenous attention along a line of text is likely an important mechanism to alleviate the effects of crowding on encoding letters within words. Our results help set the premise for constructing theories about how specific mechanisms of attention support reading development in children. Understanding the link between reading development and attention mechanisms has far-reaching implications for effectively addressing the needs of children with reading disabilities.

scholarly journals Spatial attention in encoding letter combinations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahalakshmi Ramamurthy ◽  
Alex L. White ◽  
Clementine Chao ◽  
Jason D. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Reading Disabilities ◽  
Reading Development ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Letter Processing

Reading requires the correct identification of letters and letter positions within words. Selectiveattention is, therefore, required to select chunks of the text for sequential processing. Despite theextensive literature on visual attention, the well known effects of spatial cues in simpleperceptual tasks cannot inform us about the role of attention in a task as complex as reading.Here, we systematically manipulate spatial attention in a multi-letter processing task tounderstand the effects of spatial cues on letter encoding in typical adults. Overall, endogenous(voluntary) cue benefits were larger than exogenous (involuntary). We show that cue benefitsare greater in the left than in the right visual field; and larger for the most crowded letterpositions. Endogenous valid cues reduced errors due to confusing letter positions more thanmisidentifications, specifically for the most crowded letter positions. Therefore, shiftingendogenous attention along a line of text is likely an important mechanism to alleviate theeffects of crowding on letters within words. Our results help set the premise for buildingtheories for how specific mechanisms of attention support reading development in children.Understanding the link between reading development and attention mechanisms has farreaching implications in the remediation for children with reading disabilities.

scholarly journals Role of Inferior Frontal Junction (IFJ) in the Control of Feature vs Spatial Attention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreenivasan Meyyappan ◽  
Abhijit Rajan ◽  
George R Mangun ◽  
Mingzhou Ding
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Feature Attention ◽  
The Right ◽  
Inferior Frontal Junction

ABSTRACTFeature-based attention refers to preferential selection and processing of items and objects based on their non-spatial attributes such as color or shape. While it is intuitively an easier form of attention to relate to in our day to day lives, the neural mechanisms of feature-based attention are not well understood. Studies have long implicated the dorsal attention network as a key control system for voluntary spatial, feature and object-based attention. Recent studies have expanded on this model by focusing on the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), a region in the pre-frontal cortex to be the source of feature attention control, but not spatial attention control. However, the extent to which IFJ contributes to spatial attention remains a topic of debate. We investigated the role of IFJ in the control of feature versus spatial attention in a cued visual spatial (attend left or right) and feature attention (attend red or green) task using fMRI. Analyzing single-trial cue-evoked fMRI responses using univariate GLM and multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), we observed the following. First, the univariate BOLD activation responses yielded no significant differences between feature and spatial cues. Second, MVPA analysis showed above chance level decoding in classifying feature attention (attend-red vs. attend-green) in both the left and right IFJ, whereas during spatial attention (attend-left vs. attend-right) decoding was at chance. Third, while the cue-evoked decoding accuracy was significant for both left and right IFJ during feature attention, target stimulus-evoked neural responses were not different. Importantly, only the connectivity patterns from the right IFJ was predictive of target-evoked activity in visual cortex (V4); this was true for both left and right V4. Finally, the strength of this connectivity between right IFJ and V4 (bilaterally) was found to be predictive of behavioral performance. These results support a model where the right IFJ plays a crucial role in top down control of feature but not spatial attention.

Critique of Heron's Directional-Reading Conflict Theory of Scanning

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fudin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

Heron (1957) proposed a theory of scanning of tachistoscopically presented alphabetical stimuli. It provided a unifying framework to interpret the disparate results obtained when a target is exposed such that half of it is in the left visual field and half in the right visual field, and when arrays are presented laterally, i.e., either in the right or left field. The theory basically holds that eye-movement tendencies established through reading are also operative in covert scanning because tachistoscopically exposed material is encoded in a manner similar to the way it is read. This paper accepts this position but offers a critical evaluation of Heron's ideas as to the manner in which these tendencies function. This discussion and a reexamination of the role of these tendencies in reading lead to the conclusion that they operate sequentially, not simultaneously, as Heron contended. A slight modification in Heron's theory is offered in light of this conclusion.

Spatial Coding of Information on Temporal Order in Short-Term Memory

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver W. Hill ◽  
Ralph W Stuckey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Encoding ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Right

This study examined the effect of spatial cues on judgments of temporal order for digits presented to the right or left visual field. 56 subjects were better able to recall temporal order on trials with congruent temporal and spatial cues, and on trials in which stimuli were presented to the right visual field. The implications of these results for several models of temporal encoding are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Binocular Vision in Driving Pseudoneglect in Visual and Haptic Bisection: Evidence From Strabismic and Monocular Blind Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 549-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ciricugno ◽  
Luca Rinaldi ◽  
Tomaso Vecchi ◽  
Lotfi B. Merabet ◽  
Zaira Cattaneo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Line Bisection ◽  
Haptic Modality ◽  
Hemisphere Dominance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Blind Individuals ◽  
Line Bisection Task

Abstract Prior studies have shown that strabismic amblyopes do not exhibit pseudoneglect in visual line bisection, suggesting that the right-hemisphere dominance in the control of spatial attention may depend on a normally developing binocular vision. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether an abnormal binocular childhood experience also affects spatial attention in the haptic modality, thus reflecting a supramodal effect. To this aim, we compared the performance of normally sighted, strabismic and early monocular blind participants in a visual and a haptic line bisection task. In visual line bisection, strabismic individuals tended to err to the right of the veridical midpoint, in contrast with normally sighted participants who showed pseudoneglect. Monocular blind participants exhibited high variability in their visual performance, with a tendency to bisect toward the direction of the functioning eye. In turn, in haptic bisection, all participants consistently erred towards the left of the veridical midpoint. Taken together, our findings support the view that pseudoneglect in the visual and haptic modality relies on different functional and neural mechanisms.

Rebalancing Spatial Attention: Endogenous Orienting May Partially Overcome the Left Visual Field Bias in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Śmigasiewicz ◽  
Gabriel Sami Hasan ◽  
Rolf Verleger
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Endogenous Orienting ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
The Right

In dynamically changing environments, spatial attention is not equally distributed across the visual field. For instance, when two streams of stimuli are presented left and right, the second target (T2) is better identified in the left visual field (LVF) than in the right visual field (RVF). Recently, it has been shown that this bias is related to weaker stimulus-driven orienting of attention toward the RVF: The RVF disadvantage was reduced with salient task-irrelevant valid cues and increased with invalid cues. Here we studied if also endogenous orienting of attention may compensate for this unequal distribution of stimulus-driven attention. Explicit information was provided about the location of T1 and T2. Effectiveness of the cue manipulation was confirmed by EEG measures: decreasing alpha power before stream onset with informative cues, earlier latencies of potentials evoked by T1-preceding distractors at the right than at the left hemisphere when T1 was cued left, and decreasing T1- and T2-evoked N2pc amplitudes with informative cues. Importantly, informative cues reduced (though did not completely abolish) the LVF advantage, indicated by improved identification of right T2, and reflected by earlier N2pc latency evoked by right T2 and larger decrease in alpha power after cues indicating right T2. Overall, these results suggest that endogenously driven attention facilitates stimulus-driven orienting of attention toward the RVF, thereby partially overcoming the basic LVF bias in spatial attention.

scholarly journals Tactile-Visual Links in Exogenous Spatial Attention under Different Postures: Convergent Evidence from Psychophysics and ERPs

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffan Kennett ◽  
Martin Eimer ◽  
Charles Spence ◽  
Jon Driver
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
The Right

Tactile-visual links in spatial attention were examined by presenting spatially nonpredictive tactile cues to the left or right hand, shortly prior to visual targets in the left or right hemifield. To examine the spatial coordinates of any cross-modal links, different postures were examined. The hands were either uncrossed, or crossed so that the left hand lay in the right visual field and vice versa. Visual judgments were better on the side where the stimulated hand lay, though this effect was somewhat smaller with longer intervals between cue and target, and with crossed hands. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) showed a similar pattern. Larger amplitude occipital N1 components were obtained for visual events on the same side as the preceding tactile cue, at ipsilateral electrode sites. Negativities in the Nd2 interval at midline and lateral central sites, and in the Nd1 interval at electrode Pz, were also enhanced for the cued side. As in the psychophysical results, ERP cueing effects during the crossed posture were determined by the side of space in which the stimulated hand lay, not by the anatomical side of the initial hemispheric projection for the tactile cue. These results demonstrate that crossmodal links in spatial attention can influence sensory brain responses as early as the N1, and that these links operate in a spatial frame-of-reference that can remap between the modalities across changes in posture.

Asynchrony of Lateral Onset as a Factor in Difference in Visual Field

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Hatta
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Laterality Effect ◽  
The Right

An experiment in matching judgments was designed to examine a role of perceptual process in apparent asymmetry. Recognition of Hirakana letters (Japanese letters) was required. The experimental condition in which stimuli were presented to the left visual field first and to the right visual field second produced more errors for all stimulus intervals (0 to 60 msec.) than experimental conditions where stimuli were presented to the right visual field first and to the left one second. Especially, superiority of the latter condition was marked with the longest stimulus interval employed. These results indicate superiority of the left hemisphere function for recognizing Hirakana letters and suggest that not only memory but also perceptual process contributes to this laterality effect.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON PENTA HELIX ACTORS IN VILLAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisna Putra
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Development ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
The Village ◽  
Current Journal

The popularity of village tourism, as a possibility to spend the vacation has increased in Indonesia. There are about 83.344 villages spread all around Indonesia and each of them has their own characteristic with social and culture prosperous. However there is still limited number of village being managed as a product and applied village tourism program successfully. Furthermore, the program does not seem on the right track, not focus and is poorly understood and very weak on implementation. Since the scarce availability of human resources in the village, thus the involvement of different actors and stakeholders become critical and their role as well as participations is matter. The Penta Helix of Government-Community-Business-Academics-Social Entrepreneur is a combination of stakeholder in developing tourism destination. This study applies the content analysis methodology by reviewing seven current journal articles related to village tourism development in Indonesia. This study reviews an extensive literature on village tourism study using the institutional database. Based on the reviews of the articles, this study aims in identifying the stakeholders involved in village tourism development. Furthermore, this study assessed the actor’s specific roles in village tourism development. The result of the study showed that not all tourism stakeholders as proposed by the penta helix model play significant roles in village tourism development. Most of the study on village tourism did not pay attention on the role of academician and social entrepreneur, as the community, government and business were much preferred.

scholarly journals Hemifield-Specific Rotational Biases during the Observation of Ambiguous Human Silhouettes

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1349
Author(s):  
Chiara Lucafò ◽  
Daniele Marzoli ◽  
Caterina Padulo ◽  
Stefano Troiano ◽  
Lucia Pelosi Zazzerini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Motor Processes ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli ◽  
The Right ◽  
Motor Representations

Both static and dynamic ambiguous stimuli representing human bodies that perform unimanual or unipedal movements are usually interpreted as right-limbed rather than left-limbed, suggesting that human observers attend to the right side of others more than the left one. Moreover, such a bias is stronger when static human silhouettes are presented in the RVF (right visual field) than in the LVF (left visual field), which might represent a particular instance of embodiment. On the other hand, hemispheric-specific rotational biases, combined with the well-known bias to perceive forward-facing figures, could represent a confounding factor when accounting for such findings. Therefore, we investigated whether the lateralized presentation of an ambiguous rotating human body would affect its perceived handedness/footedness (implying a role of motor representations), its perceived spinning direction (implying a role of visual representations), or both. To this aim, we required participants to indicate the perceived spinning direction (which also unveils the perceived handedness/footedness) of ambiguous stimuli depicting humans with an arm or a leg outstretched. Results indicated that the lateralized presentation of the stimuli affected both their perceived limb laterality (a larger number of figures being interpreted as right-limbed in the RVF than in the LVF) and their perceived spinning direction (a larger number of figures being interpreted as spinning clockwise in the LVF than in the RVF). However, the hemifield of presentation showed a larger effect size on the perceived spinning direction than on the perceived limb laterality. Therefore, as we already proposed, the implicit representation of others’ handedness seems to be affected more by visual than by motor processes during the perception of ambiguous human silhouettes.

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