scholarly journals Energy budget and carbon footprint in a wheat and maize system under ridge furrow strategy in dry semi humid areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changjiang Li ◽  
Shuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Carbon Efficiency ◽  
Net Returns

AbstractThe well-irrigated planting strategy (WI) consumes a large amount of energy and exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions, endangering the sustainable agricultural production. This 2-year work aims to estimate the economic benefit, energy budget and carbon footprint of a wheat–maize double cropping system under conventional rain-fed flat planting (irrigation once a year, control), ridge–furrows with plastic film mulching on the ridge (irrigation once a year, RP), and the WI in dry semi-humid areas of China. Significantly higher wheat and maize yields and net returns were achieved under RP than those under the control, while a visible reduction was found for wheat yields when compared with the WI. The ratio of benefit: cost under RP was also higher by 10.5% than that under the control in the first rotation cycle, but did not differ with those under WI. The net energy output and carbon output followed the same trends with net returns, but the RP had the largest energy use efficiency, energy productivity carbon efficiency and carbon sustainability among treatments. Therefore, the RP was an effective substitution for well–irrigated planting strategy for achieving sustained agricultural development in dry semi-humid areas.

scholarly journals Energy Budget and Carbon Footprint in Ridge–Furrow With Plastic Film Mulch Strategy Under a Wheat–Maize System in Dry Semi–Humid Areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changjiang Li ◽  
Shuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Carbon Efficiency ◽  
Net Returns

Abstract The well–irrigated planting strategy (WI) consumes a large amount of energy and exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions, endangering the sustainable agricultural production. This work aims to estimate the economic benefit, energy budget and carbon footprint of a wheat–maize double cropping system under conventional rain–fed flat planting (control), ridge–furrows with plastic film mulching on the ridge (RP), and the WI in dry semi-humid areas of China. Significantly higher wheat and maize grain yields and net returns were achieved under RP than those under the control, while a visible reduction was only found for wheat grain yields when compared with the WI. The ratio of benefit: cost under RP was also higher by 10.5% than that under the control in the first rotation cycle, but did not differ with those under WI. The net energy output and carbon output followed the same trends with net returns, but the RP had the largest energy use efficiency, energy productivity carbon efficiency and carbon sustainability among treatments. Therefore, the ridge-furrow planting with plastic film mulch over the ridge was an effective substitution for well–irrigated planting strategy for achieving sustained agricultural development in dry semi-humid areas.

scholarly journals Energy use pattern of diversified cropping systems under different nutrient and crop residue management practices in Eastern Indo-Gangetic plain

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1061
Author(s):  
M. Kumar ◽  
◽  
S. Mitra ◽  
A. Bera ◽  
M.R. Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crop Residue Management

Aim: Assessment of energy input output relationship, greenhouse gases emission and carbon footprint of diversified jute-rice cropping systems under different nutrients and crop residue management practices. Methodology: The inventory was prepared for all inputs required for crop cultivation and outputs of crops in cropping systems. These inputs and outputs were converted into energy by multiplying with energy equivalent coefficient and CO2 emission coefficient following standard procedure. Results: Jute-rice-baby corn cropping system recorded significantly higher net energy (324 GJ ha-1) and energy use efficiency (8.02). Among different nutrient and crop management (NCRM) practices, significantly higher energy output (336.9 GJ ha-1) and net energy (291.4 GJ ha-1) recorded 100% NPK with crop residue. The highest carbon footprint recorded with rice-rice (0.44 kg COe kg-1 economic yield) and the lowestwith jute-rice-pea (0.29 kg COe kg-1 economic yield) cropping system. Among different NCRM practices, higher carbon footprint was (0.38 kg COe kg-1 economic yield) recorded with 100% NPK with crop residue. Interpretation: The energy efficient and low input required cropping systems which include legume crops like garden pea and mungbean should be considered for cultivation for diversifying the existing rice-rice cropping system in Eastern India.

scholarly journals The Impact of Climate Change on the Value of Growing Maize as a Biofuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Sally Olasogba ◽  
Les DUCKERS
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Aim: According to COP23, Climate Change threatens the stability of the planet’s ecosystems, with a tipping point believed to be at only +2°C.  With the burning of fossil fuels, held responsible for the release of much of the greenhouse gases, a sensible world- wide strategy is to replace fossil fuel energy sources with renewable ones. The renewable resources such as wind, hydro, geothermal, wave and tidal energies are found in particular geographical locations whereas almost every country is potentially able to exploit PV and biomass. This paper examines the role that changing climate could have on the growing and processing of biomass. The primary concern is that future climates could adversely affect the yield of crops, and hence the potential contribution of biomass to the strategy to combat climate change. Maize, a C4 crop, was selected for the study because it can be processed into biogas or other biofuels. Four different Nigerian agricultural zones growing maize were chosen for the study. Long-term weather data was available for the four sites and this permitted the modelling of future climates. Design / Research methods: The results of this study come from modelling future climates and applying this to crop models. This unique work, which has integrated climate change and crop modelling to forecast yield and carbon emissions, reveals how maize responds to the predicted increased temperature, change in rainfall, and the variation in weather patterns. In order to fully assess a biomass crop, the full energy cycle and carbon emissions were estimated based on energy and materials inputs involved in farm management: fertilizer application, and tillage type. For maize to support the replacement strategy mentioned above it is essential that the ratio of energy output to energy input exceeds 1, but of course it should be as large as possible. Conclusions / findings: Results demonstrate that the influence of climate change is important and in many scenarios, acts to reduce yield, but that the negative effects can be partially mitigated by careful selection of farm management practices. Yield and carbon footprint is particularly sensitive to the application rate of fertilizer across all locations whilst climate change is the causal driver for the increase in net energy and carbon footprint at most locations. Nonetheless, in order to ensure a successful strategic move towards a low carbon future, and sustainable implementation of biofuel policies, this study provides valuable information for the Nigerian government and policy makers on potential AEZs to cultivate maize under climate change. Further research on the carbon footprint of alternative bioenergy feedstock to assess their environmental carbon footprint and net energy is strongly suggested. Originality / value of the article: This paper extends the review on the impact of climate change on maize production to include future impacts on net energy use and carbon footprint using a fully integrated assessment framework. Most studies focus only on current farm energy use and historical climate change impact on farm GHG emissions.   

Energy use and Economic Analysis for Achieving Target Yield through Site Specific Nutrient Management in Soybean (Glycine max L.)- Chickpea Cropping System (Cicer arietinum L.) 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand G. Patil ◽  
A.S. Halepyati ◽  
B.M. Chittapur
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Target Yield ◽  
3.0 T

Background: The measure of energy flow in crop production system provides a good indicator of the production of technological aspects of crop production systems in agriculture. Sustainable agricultural management technologies should be studied in terms of increased productivity, profitability, energy saving and efficiency of agricultural inputs usage by using efficiency indices and sustainable indicators. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Janawada, Bidar during kharif and rabi seasons for two consecutive years (2014-15 and 2015-16) to know the energy use for achieving target yield. The experiement was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments viz., The two genotypes of soybean (JS335 and DSB 21) and chickpea (JG 11 and GBM 2) were tested for target yield of 2.0 t ha-1, 2.5 t ha-1, 3.0 t ha-1, 3.5 t ha-1, farmers practice and RDF were tested in medium black soils in randomized block design with three replications. The soil testing was carried out to determine the quantity of major nutrient for different target yields. Result: The experimental results revealed that the significantly higher energy efficiency (5.28 MJ ha-1), net energy (1,71,039.00 MJ ha-1), energy productivity (0.40 kg MJ-1), energy intensity (1,71,039.00 MJ ha-1) in physical terms (13.29 MJ kg-1) and economic terms (3.68 MJ Rs.-1), crop profitability (723.53 Rs.ha-1 day-1), system profitability (417.05 Rs.ha-1day-1) and relative economic efficiency (2.75) and soybean equivalent yield (5683 kg ha-1) were noticed in JS 335/JG 11 + target yield 3.0 t ha-1 compared to rest of the treatments. Thus, it could be concluded that various efficiency indices also used as alternative indices for achieving target yield in cropping system.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency of Continuous Rye, Rotational Rye and Barley in Different Fertilization Systems in a Long-Term Field Experiment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Total Energy Input ◽  
Use Efficiency

A goal in sustainable agriculture is to use fossil energy more efficiently in crop production. This 60-year-old experiment on a silt loam chernozem investigated effects of fertilization (unfertilized control, mineral fertilizer (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM)) and rotation (continuous winter rye (CR), winter rye in rotation (RR), spring barley in rotation (SB) on diesel fuel consumption, total energy input (made of both direct and indirect inputs), crop yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity, energy productivity and energy use efficiency. The input rates of fertilizer, herbicides and seeds were set constant during the experiment. Soil tillage was done with a moldboard plough with subsequent combined seedbed preparation and seeding. The mean calculated total energy input was highest in NPK with 11.28 GJ ha−1 and lowest in the unfertilized control with 5.00 GJ ha−1. Total energy input for FYM was intermediate with 6.30 GJ ha−1. With energetic consideration of NPK nutrients in FYM the total energy input increased to the level of NPK. The share of the fertilizer energy on the total energy input was 49% for NPK. Fertilization with FYM and NPK increased yield and energy output considerably, especially of CR and SB which attained about doubled values. Crop rotation also increased the yield and energy output, especially of unfertilized rye, which attained values increased by about 75%. Fertilization with FYM resulted in the highest energy efficiency as the net-energy output, the energy productivity and the energy use efficiency were higher but the energy intensity was lower compared to unfertilized controls and NPK. When the nutrients in FYM were also energetically considered, the energy efficiency parameters of FYM decreased to the level of the NPK treatment. Crop rotation increased the energy efficiency of winter rye compared to the monoculture.

Measurement of Energy Use in Agriculture

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Amarjit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Regions

Historically, energy utilization efficiency has been measured using energy ratio and energy productivity. Both these measures have their limitations. So a new measure of energy productivity, i.e. the value of product per unit of energy input, is proposed to measure energy utilization at macro levels. This measure will enable comparison of the efficiency of different agricultural systems, agricultural regions, farm size classes, countries, etc. Comparisons over time of the changes within an agricultural system are also possible, even if the product mix changes. It will help in Identifying regions of comparative advantage for various agricultural activities, and may also aid policy formulation for the location of agriculture and agricultural development. This measure of efficiency is a midway approach to net energy analysis and traditional economic analysis.

scholarly journals Assessment of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] Based Cropping Systems in Mid-Hill Regions of Uttarakhand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suneeta Singh ◽  
Anil Kumar Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Use Efficiency

The research on productivity, energy-use efficiency and economics of pigeonpea based cropping system, viz., pigeonpea–wheat, pigeonpea – barley, pigeonpea – lentil, pigeonpea – field pea and pigeonpea – toria compared with rice–wheat cropping system was carried out at the Experimental Research Block of School of Agricultural Sciences, SGRRU, Uttarakhand. These cropping systems were evaluated under rainfed conditions. Results showed that all the pigeonpea – based cropping system were significantly superior to traditional rice – wheat cropping system in terms of productivity, net returns, benefit:cost ratio and net energy returns. Pigeonpea – lentil cropping system proved superior in terms of system net returns (Rs 63,616/ha), benefit:cost ratio (1.64) and energy ratio (1.94) to pigeonpea - wheat, pigeonpea – barley, pigeonpea - field pea and pigeonpea - toria cropping system. The plots under rice - wheat cropping system recorded the lowest pigeonpea-equivalent yield (1.32 t/ha), net returns (Rs 2,750/ha) and benefit:cost ratio (0.06). The nutrient status of the soil improved significantly due to pigeonpea – lentil cropping system over other cropping systems. Pigeonpea – lentil cropping system proved to be the best in terms of monetary returns, net energy return and soil productivity and hence, could be adopted in the mid-hill regions under rainfed conditions.

Impact of improved production technologies on chickpea yields, economics and energy use in rainfed Vertisols

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Patil ◽  
M. N. Ramesha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flow ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Energy Gains

A field study was conducted during rabi season of 2013–14 in ten farmers’ fields of Joladarasi, K. Veerapur and Chellagurki villages of Bellary district in Karnataka, India to evaluate the improved chickpea variety JG11 with micronutrients application on yield, economics and energy flow in Vertisols. Adopting JG11 chickpea variety and application of micronutrient mixture at 5 kg ha-1 during winter season increased the grain and straw yields by 26% and 31%, respectively over A1variety cultivated by farmers without application of micronutrients. Application of micronutrients alone produced 9% higher yields in JG11 and A1. Greater gross and net returns with higher B:C ratio was observed with cultivation of JG11chickpea variety and application of micronutrients. Energy flow results revealed that smaller input energy through micronutrients application and cultivation of JG11variety produced higher total output energy and net energy benefit (NEB). The NEB per ha varied from 15966 MJ in control plots to as high as 22546 MJ in micronutrients applied plots with JG11 cultivation. Greater average energy use efficiency (EUE) of 3.57, energy productivity (EP) of 0.106 and lesser specific energy (SE) of 9.62 were observed with JG11 cultivation and applied with micronutrients compared to the control plots. Correlation studies indicated the positive and significant correlation of grain yield with net returns, B:C ratio, NEB, EUE and EP. In conclusion higher chickpea yields, profit and energy gains can be achieved by cultivating JG11 variety with micronutrients application at 5 kg ha-1 in the Vertisols of Bellary region during winter season.

scholarly journals Armut Üretiminde Karşılaştırmalı Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği ve Ekonomik Analiz: Trakya Bölgesi Örneği

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Başak Aydın ◽  
Duygu Aktürk ◽  
Erol Özkan ◽  
Harun Hurma ◽  
Mehmet Ali Kiracı
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Good Agricultural Practices ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Relative Profit ◽  
Ratio Energy

This study includes the agricultural enterprises producing pear which apply and do not apply good agricultural practices in Thrace Region. The basic purpose of this study is the determination of input use amounts and energy use efficiency and economical comparison of the enterprises applying and not applying good agricultural practices. In Kırklareli, Edirne and Tekirdağ, 16 pear producers which carry through good agricultural practices participated in the survey. According to the results, total energy input, energy output, energy output/input ratio, energy productivity, specific energy, energy density and net energy were determined to be respectively as 30.046.64 MJ, 36.000 MJ, 1.20, 0.50 kg/MJ, 2.00 MJ/kg, 1.80 MJ/TL and 5.953.36 MJ in the enterprises applying good agricultural practices. Total energy input, energy output, energy output/input ratio, energy productivity, specific energy, energy density and net energy were determined to be respectively as 32.111.92 MJ, 33.600 MJ, 1.05, 0.44 kg/MJ, 2.29 MJ/kg, 2.05 MJ/TL and 1.488.08 MJ in the enterprises not applying good agricultural practices. In Thrace Region the cost of producing; one kg of pear was calculated 1.11 TL in the enterprises which applied good agriculture while it was calculated 1.12 TL at the enterprises which did not apply the good agriculture. Total expenses, gross output value, gross profit, net profit and relative profit were determined to be respectively as 16.682.80 TL, 24.250 TL, 14.938.10 TL, 7.567.20 TL and 1.45 in the enterprises applying good agricultural practices. Total expenses, gross output value, gross profit, net profit and relative profit were determined to be respectively as 15.652 TL, 21.000 TL, 11.511.80 TL, 5.348 TL and 1.34 in the enterprises not applying good agricultural practices. According to energy use efficiency and economic analysis results, pear farming was determined to be more advantageous in the enterprises applying good agricultural practices.

Energy Budgeting of Paddy-Pulse Cropping System in Bhadrak District of Odisha and Assessment of Emission from Paddy Straw Burning

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 222-240
Author(s):  
Bhabani Shankar Dash ◽  
Sangram Keshari Swain ◽  
Debaraj Behera ◽  
Padma Lochan Pradhan ◽  
Pramod Kumar Sahoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Output Energy ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Input Energy ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Straw Burning

Energy auditing of an existing production system helps to assess its energy-use and energy efficiency. The average input energy of paddy-black gram (PB) cropping system (19,862.01 MJ.ha-1) was higher than paddy-green gram (PG) (18,972.34 MJ.ha-1) cropping system in Bhadrak, Odisha. Harvesting and transport operation required highest operational energy for PG (35.57%) and PB (41.20%) farms; while, threshing and winnowing consumed the second highest input energy with 21.34% and 22.71% for PG and PB farms, followed by land preparation with 21.87% and 20.10% respectively. Linear regression data of PG and PB systems showed significant effect (p<0.05) of predictors with R2 values of 87.70% and 82.20% for total output energy and grain energy, respectively; confirming a good fit among the data. The output energy of PB cropping system was 13.91% higher than that of PG cropping system. The PB cropping system, with energy utilisation efficiency (EUE) of 10.31 and 11.82, was more energy-efficient than PG system with EUE of 9.32 and 11.01 for “NC” and “C” farms, respectively. The net energy return of PBC farm was highest with 2,04,505.31 MJ.ha-1. Amongst various pollutants emitted from paddy straw burning in Odisha; CO2 (5,51,296.0 Mg.yr-1), CO (13,102.72 Mg.yr-1), and TPM (4,908.80 Mg.yr-1) had highest share. The quantity of major GHGs (N2 O, CH4 ) released into the atmosphere through paddy straw burning was estimated as 26.43 Mg.yr-1 and 453.12 Mg.yr-1, respectively. Use of straw baler can prevent straw burning, and reduce emission from paddy fields by 2805.54 kg.ha-1 of CO2 and 66.69 kg.ha-1 of CO, 5.96 kg.ha-1 of NOx , 24.98 kg.ha-1 of TPM. Alternatively, use of mulcher can also reduce emission from paddy fields by 2924.44 kg.ha-1 of CO2 and 69.51 kg.ha-1 of CO, 6.21 kg.ha-1 of NOx , 26.04 kg.ha-1 of TPM. The cost of operation of a baler and mulcher were 8,617.0 ₹ ha-1 and 2,543.0 ₹ ha-1, respectively. Input energy and energy saved in paddy fields by baler were 820.0 MJ.ha-1 and 16,928.0 MJ.ha-1; and 266.0 MJ.ha-1 and 24,458.0 MJ.ha-1 by mulcher, respectively

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