Measurement of Energy Use in Agriculture

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Amarjit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Regions

Historically, energy utilization efficiency has been measured using energy ratio and energy productivity. Both these measures have their limitations. So a new measure of energy productivity, i.e. the value of product per unit of energy input, is proposed to measure energy utilization at macro levels. This measure will enable comparison of the efficiency of different agricultural systems, agricultural regions, farm size classes, countries, etc. Comparisons over time of the changes within an agricultural system are also possible, even if the product mix changes. It will help in Identifying regions of comparative advantage for various agricultural activities, and may also aid policy formulation for the location of agriculture and agricultural development. This measure of efficiency is a midway approach to net energy analysis and traditional economic analysis.

scholarly journals Energy budget and carbon footprint in a wheat and maize system under ridge furrow strategy in dry semi humid areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changjiang Li ◽  
Shuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Carbon Efficiency ◽  
Net Returns

AbstractThe well-irrigated planting strategy (WI) consumes a large amount of energy and exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions, endangering the sustainable agricultural production. This 2-year work aims to estimate the economic benefit, energy budget and carbon footprint of a wheat–maize double cropping system under conventional rain-fed flat planting (irrigation once a year, control), ridge–furrows with plastic film mulching on the ridge (irrigation once a year, RP), and the WI in dry semi-humid areas of China. Significantly higher wheat and maize yields and net returns were achieved under RP than those under the control, while a visible reduction was found for wheat yields when compared with the WI. The ratio of benefit: cost under RP was also higher by 10.5% than that under the control in the first rotation cycle, but did not differ with those under WI. The net energy output and carbon output followed the same trends with net returns, but the RP had the largest energy use efficiency, energy productivity carbon efficiency and carbon sustainability among treatments. Therefore, the RP was an effective substitution for well–irrigated planting strategy for achieving sustained agricultural development in dry semi-humid areas.

scholarly journals ICT Development and Sustainable Energy Consumption: A Perspective of Energy Productivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheming Yan ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Zhiming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Productivity Improvement ◽  
Ict Development ◽  
Saving Effect

The information and communication technology (ICT) is closely related to the future of global energy consumption, not only because the ICT equipment itself increasingly consumes energy, but also because it is a general-purpose technology which may affect energy use of almost all sectors. Given the controversy over the net energy-saving effect of ICT, this paper focuses on a new perspective, i.e., energy productivity, to investigate the relationship between ICT development and energy consumption. Using a data panel of 50 economies over the period of 1995 to 2013, results of the Malmquist energy productivity index generally indicate an unbalanced development of energy productivity across the globe, while results of the patent-based ICT knowledge stock indicate a huge gap of ICT development comparing the high-income economies with the others. Furthermore, regression results indicate that ICT development is significantly related to energy productivity improvement. Finally, this paper suggests accelerating ICT development in underdeveloped economies, given the global common task of sustainable energy consumption.

Sustainable geothermal energy utilization

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
G. Axelsson
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Sustainability Policy

Abstract Sustainable development involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The Earth's enormous geothermal resources have the potential to contribute significantly to sustainable energy use worldwide and to help mitigate climate change. Experience from the use of geothermal systems worldwide, lasting several decades, demonstrates that by maintaining production below a certain limit the systems reach a balance between net energy discharge and recharge that may be maintained for a long time. Therefore, a sustainability time-scale of 100 to 300 years has been proposed. Studies furthermore indicate that the effect of heavy utilization is often reversible on a time-scale comparable to the period of utilization. Geothermal resources can be used in a sustainable manner either through (1) constant production below a sustainable limit, (2) step-wise increase in production or (3) intermittent excessive production with breaks during which other geothermal resources need to fill in the gap. The long production histories that are available for geothermal systems provide the most valuable data available for studying sustainable management of geothermal resources, and reservoir modelling is the most powerful tool available for this purpose. The paper reviews long utilization experiences from e.g. Iceland, France and Hungary and presents sustainability modelling studies for the Hamar geothermal system in Iceland and the Beijing Urban system in China. International collaboration has facilitated sustainability research and fruitful discussions as well as identifying several relevant research issues. Distinction needs to be made between sustainable production from a particular geothermal resource and the more general sustainable geothermal utilization, which involves integrated economical, social and environmental development. Developing a sustainability policy involves setting general sustainability goals and consequently defining specific sustainability indicators to measure the degree of sustainability of a given geothermal operation or progress towards sustainability.

Energy use and Economic Analysis for Achieving Target Yield through Site Specific Nutrient Management in Soybean (Glycine max L.)- Chickpea Cropping System (Cicer arietinum L.) 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand G. Patil ◽  
A.S. Halepyati ◽  
B.M. Chittapur
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Target Yield ◽  
3.0 T

Background: The measure of energy flow in crop production system provides a good indicator of the production of technological aspects of crop production systems in agriculture. Sustainable agricultural management technologies should be studied in terms of increased productivity, profitability, energy saving and efficiency of agricultural inputs usage by using efficiency indices and sustainable indicators. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Janawada, Bidar during kharif and rabi seasons for two consecutive years (2014-15 and 2015-16) to know the energy use for achieving target yield. The experiement was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments viz., The two genotypes of soybean (JS335 and DSB 21) and chickpea (JG 11 and GBM 2) were tested for target yield of 2.0 t ha-1, 2.5 t ha-1, 3.0 t ha-1, 3.5 t ha-1, farmers practice and RDF were tested in medium black soils in randomized block design with three replications. The soil testing was carried out to determine the quantity of major nutrient for different target yields. Result: The experimental results revealed that the significantly higher energy efficiency (5.28 MJ ha-1), net energy (1,71,039.00 MJ ha-1), energy productivity (0.40 kg MJ-1), energy intensity (1,71,039.00 MJ ha-1) in physical terms (13.29 MJ kg-1) and economic terms (3.68 MJ Rs.-1), crop profitability (723.53 Rs.ha-1 day-1), system profitability (417.05 Rs.ha-1day-1) and relative economic efficiency (2.75) and soybean equivalent yield (5683 kg ha-1) were noticed in JS 335/JG 11 + target yield 3.0 t ha-1 compared to rest of the treatments. Thus, it could be concluded that various efficiency indices also used as alternative indices for achieving target yield in cropping system.

Analysis of Energy Demand and Smart Grid Policy-Making Issues of China

2012 ◽  
Vol 260-261 ◽  
pp. 576-580
Author(s):  
Sheng Xia Cai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
Fossil Fuel Energy ◽  
Smart Grid Technology

Energy demand is steadily increasing in the world. People face challenges to meet this demand. Smart grid technology is helpful to renewable energy utilization and thus is drawn more and more attention. This paper makes a comparison of several indicators among five countries or districts from 2002 to 2010. These indicators include energy use indicator, GDP per unit of energy use indicator, net energy imports indicator, CO2 emissions indicator, fossil fuel energy consumption indicator, and Alternative and nuclear energy indicator. From the trend analysis of these indicators, it can be seen that developing countries especially China has a rapid increase in energy consumption and have a high environment protection pressure. Hence smart grid development is an urgent task for China. Some issues in the development of smart grid are discussed and some policy suggestions are presented.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency of Continuous Rye, Rotational Rye and Barley in Different Fertilization Systems in a Long-Term Field Experiment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Total Energy Input ◽  
Use Efficiency

A goal in sustainable agriculture is to use fossil energy more efficiently in crop production. This 60-year-old experiment on a silt loam chernozem investigated effects of fertilization (unfertilized control, mineral fertilizer (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM)) and rotation (continuous winter rye (CR), winter rye in rotation (RR), spring barley in rotation (SB) on diesel fuel consumption, total energy input (made of both direct and indirect inputs), crop yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity, energy productivity and energy use efficiency. The input rates of fertilizer, herbicides and seeds were set constant during the experiment. Soil tillage was done with a moldboard plough with subsequent combined seedbed preparation and seeding. The mean calculated total energy input was highest in NPK with 11.28 GJ ha−1 and lowest in the unfertilized control with 5.00 GJ ha−1. Total energy input for FYM was intermediate with 6.30 GJ ha−1. With energetic consideration of NPK nutrients in FYM the total energy input increased to the level of NPK. The share of the fertilizer energy on the total energy input was 49% for NPK. Fertilization with FYM and NPK increased yield and energy output considerably, especially of CR and SB which attained about doubled values. Crop rotation also increased the yield and energy output, especially of unfertilized rye, which attained values increased by about 75%. Fertilization with FYM resulted in the highest energy efficiency as the net-energy output, the energy productivity and the energy use efficiency were higher but the energy intensity was lower compared to unfertilized controls and NPK. When the nutrients in FYM were also energetically considered, the energy efficiency parameters of FYM decreased to the level of the NPK treatment. Crop rotation increased the energy efficiency of winter rye compared to the monoculture.

Analysis of Energy Consumption for Protected Grape Production System in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 2468-2472
Author(s):  
Dong Tian ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jian Ying Feng
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Use Efficiency

This study examines energy consumption of inputs and output used in protected grape production, and aims at to find relationship between energy inputs and yield in the major protected grape producing regions in China. For this purpose, the data were collected from 516 questionnaires which included 304 effective ones by questionnaire survey method. The results indicated that total energy inputs were 57697.84 MJha-1where the Chemical with (32.4%) and Fertilizer with about (21.1%) were the major energy consumers. About 53.4% of the total energy inputs used in protected grape production was indirect while 46.6% was direct. The non-renewable shared about 78% whereas the renewable energy did 22%. Average yield and energy consumption are calculated as 25367.22Kgha-1and 299333.2MJha-1. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy were 5.18, 0.44 kgMJ-1, 2.27 MJkg-1and241635.36 MJha-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Fiftieth Anniversary of the California Net Energy System Symposium: What are the energy coefficients for cows?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey C Freetly
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Animal Metabolism

Abstract The same model structure used to describe energy metabolism in the growing animal is often used to model energy metabolism in the cow. Energy requirements of the cow are modeled as the summation of energy required for maintenance and recovered energy, where recovered energy is the summation of energy for the conceptus, milk, and tissue energy. Energetic requirements of the cow fluctuate throughout the production cycle depending on whether they are pregnant, lactating, or both. The current model requires energy cost to be associated with either net energy of maintenance or the partial efficiencies of conceptus growth, milk production, and tissue energy change. Mathematically, they are not independent. Incorrectly estimating one will result in an erroneous estimate in the other. Most of the current models in production agriculture allocate energy use into maintenance, and synthesis of tissues making it difficult to assign energy utilization by tissues that provide support functions to pregnancy, lactation, and weight fluctuation. The consequence is the assignment of partial efficiencies that reflect whole animal efficiencies rather than tissue efficiencies. Historically, these models have been predictive of energy metabolism, but caution should be used when inferring the energetic efficiency at the tissue level. Alternative modeling approaches more thoroughly describe tissue energy metabolism and have been used to estimate whole animal metabolism. These models resolve the problems associated with developing coefficients that lack biological meaning but are more complex. There is a critical need for independent data sets to test new components of the model for cows.

scholarly journals  Assessment of energy use pattern for tomato production in Iran: A case study from the Marand region

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Jadidi ◽  
M.S. Sabuni ◽  
M. Homayounifar ◽  
A. Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the contribution was to determine energy consumption of input and output used in tomato production and to optimize the energy inputs in the Marand region, Iran. The study also sought to analyse the effect of farm size on energy use and input costs based on tomatoes production and to reveal the relationship between energy inputs and yield by developing mathematical models. Questions about energy management present very interesting and actual topic in this time. The results revealed that tomato production consumed a total of 65,238.9 MJ/ha of which fertilizers were 50.98% followed by water for irrigation (20.67%). Output-input energy and energy productivity were found to be 0.59 and 0.74 kg/MJ, respectively. The results of energy optimization showed that using existing energy inputs, the yield of tomato can be increased by 45.2% in small farms, 43.5% in medium farms and 30% in large farms. The rate of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energy forms were found to be 37.2, 62.8, 30.9 and 69.1% of total energy input, respectively. The main non-renewable inputs were chemical fertilizers and diesel fuel, management of plant nutrients and proper machinery selection to reduce diesel fuel use would increase rate of renewable energy.  

scholarly journals Research on Energy Internet Management Mechanism from the Perspective of Cooperative Game

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 02025
Author(s):  
Shuang Qiao ◽  
PengShu Wang ◽  
Pan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Game ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Energy Internet ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
New Research

Energy is closely related to the overall progress of society and the overall development of mankind. The two major problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution caused by long-term energy use have been plagued by scholars at home and abroad. The proposal of the Energy Internet aims to improve energy utilization efficiency, reduce energy waste, optimize energy allocation, and thereby alleviate environmental pollution.Therefore, the research on energy internet management is of great significance. Starting from the cooperative game theory, this paper combines the Shapley value with energy Internet management, and establishes a model to solve the problem of the distribution of excess profits caused by the joint work of the Energy Internet Alliance, and provides a new research perspective for energy Internet management.

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