Three-dimensional in vivo analysis of water uptake and translocation in maize roots by fast neutron tomography

AbstractRoot water uptake is an essential process for terrestrial plants that strongly affects the spatiotemporal distribution of water in vegetated soil. Fast neutron tomography is a recently established non-invasive imaging technique capable to capture the 3D architecture of root systems in situ and even allows for tracking of three-dimensional water flow in soil and roots. We present an in vivo analysis of local water uptake and transport by roots of soil-grown maize plants—for the first time measured in a three-dimensional time-resolved manner. Using deuterated water as tracer in infiltration experiments, we visualized soil imbibition, local root uptake, and tracked the transport of deuterated water throughout the fibrous root system for a day and night situation. This revealed significant differences in water transport between different root types. The primary root was the preferred water transport path in the 13-days-old plants while seminal roots of comparable size and length contributed little to plant water supply. The results underline the unique potential of fast neutron tomography to provide time-resolved 3D in vivo information on the water uptake and transport dynamics of plant root systems, thus contributing to a better understanding of the complex interactions of plant, soil and water.

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In vivo analysis and three-dimensional visualisation of blood flow patterns at vascular end-to-side anastomoses

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery ◽

10.1016/s1078-5884(05)80108-x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 168-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N.H. Staalsen ◽

M. Ulrich ◽

W.Y. Kim ◽

E.M. Pedersen ◽

T.V. How ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Flow Patterns ◽

In Vivo Analysis ◽

Blood Flow Patterns

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Virtual Breast Quasi-static Elastography (VBQE)

Ultrasonic Imaging ◽

10.1177/0161734616662227 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 108-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Rosen ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Jingfeng Jiang

Keyword(s):

Relaxation Time ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Transfer Efficiency ◽

External Compression ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Time Constants ◽

Strain Measurements ◽

Relaxation Time Constants

Viscoelasticity Imaging (VEI) has been proposed to measure relaxation time constants for characterization of in vivo breast lesions. In this technique, an external compression force on the tissue being imaged is maintained for a fixed period of time to induce strain creep. A sequence of ultrasound echo signals is then utilized to generate time-resolved strain measurements. Relaxation time constants can be obtained by fitting local time-resolved strain measurements to a viscoelastic tissue model (e.g., a modified Kevin-Voigt model). In this study, our primary objective is to quantitatively evaluate the contrast transfer efficiency (CTE) of VEI, which contains useful information regarding image interpretations. Using an open-source simulator for virtual breast quasi-static elastography (VBQE), we conducted a case study of contrast transfer efficiency of VEI. In multiple three-dimensional (3D) numerical breast phantoms containing various degrees of heterogeneity, finite element (FE) simulations in conjunction with quasi-linear viscoelastic constitutive tissue models were performed to mimic data acquisition of VEI under freehand scanning. Our results suggested that there were losses in CTE, and the losses could be as high as −18 dB. FE results also qualitatively corroborated clinical observations, for example, artifacts around tissue interfaces.

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Three-dimensional (3D) Fast Neutron Tomography at the Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS)

Physics Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.phpro.2014.11.018 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 ◽

pp. 118-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Lee ◽

T. Rinckel ◽

J. Doskow ◽

P.E. Sokol

Keyword(s):

Fast Neutron ◽

Neutron Source ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Low Energy ◽

Neutron Tomography ◽

Energy Neutron

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Effect of parameter choice in root water uptake models – the arrangement of root hydraulic properties within the root architecture affects dynamics and efficiency of root water uptake

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-18-4189-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 4189-4206 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. Bechmann ◽

C. Schneider ◽

A. Carminati ◽

D. Vetterlein ◽

S. Attinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Root Length ◽

Hydraulic Properties ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Root Systems ◽

Root Water Uptake ◽

Hydraulic Lift ◽

Hydraulic Redistribution ◽

Young Root

Abstract. Detailed three-dimensional models of root water uptake have become increasingly popular for investigating the process of root water uptake. However, they suffer from a lack of information on important parameters, particularly on the spatial distribution of root axial and radial conductivities, which vary greatly along a root system. In this paper we explore how the arrangement of those root hydraulic properties and branching within the root system affects modelled uptake dynamics, xylem water potential and the efficiency of root water uptake. We first apply a simple model to illustrate the mechanisms at the scale of single roots. By using two efficiency indices based on (i) the collar xylem potential ("effort") and (ii) the integral amount of unstressed root water uptake ("water yield"), we show that an optimal root length emerges, depending on the ratio between roots axial and radial conductivity. Young roots with high capacity for radial uptake are only efficient when they are short. Branching, in combination with mature transport roots, enables soil exploration and substantially increases active young root length at low collar potentials. Second, we investigate how this shapes uptake dynamics at the plant scale using a comprehensive three-dimensional root water uptake model. Plant-scale dynamics, such as the average uptake depth of entire root systems, were only minimally influenced by the hydraulic parameterization. However, other factors such as hydraulic redistribution, collar potential, internal redistribution patterns and instantaneous uptake depth depended strongly on the arrangement on the arrangement of root hydraulic properties. Root systems were most efficient when assembled of different root types, allowing for separation of root function in uptake (numerous short apical young roots) and transport (longer mature roots). Modelling results became similar when this heterogeneity was accounted for to some degree (i.e. if the root systems contained between 40 and 80% of young uptake roots). The average collar potential was cut to half and unstressed transpiration increased by up to 25% in composed root systems, compared to homogenous ones. Also, the least efficient root system (homogenous young root system) was characterized by excessive bleeding (hydraulic lift), which seemed to be an artifact of the parameterization. We conclude that heterogeneity of root hydraulic properties is a critical component for efficient root systems that needs to be accounted for in complex three-dimensional root water uptake models.

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In vivo and in vitro validation of aortic flow quantification by time-resolved three-dimensional velocity-encoded MRI

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging ◽

10.1007/s10554-012-0027-3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 1999-2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fabian Rengier ◽

Michael Delles ◽

Roland Unterhinninghofen ◽

Sebastian Ley ◽

Matthias Müller-Eschner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Aortic Flow ◽

Flow Quantification ◽

Time Resolved

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Time-resolved analyses of elemental distribution and concentration in living plants: An example using manganese toxicity in cowpea leaves

10.1101/228577 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

F. Pax C. Blamey ◽

David J. Paterson ◽

Adam Walsh ◽

Nader Afshar ◽

Brigid A. McKenna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Elemental Distribution ◽

List Type ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Living Plant ◽

Xrf Scanning ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Changes Over Time

SummaryKnowledge of elemental distribution and concentration within plant tissues is crucial in the understanding of almost every process that occurs within plants. However, analytical limitations have hindered the microscopic determination of changes over time in the location and concentration of nutrients and contaminants in living plant tissues.We developed a novel method using synchrotron-based micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) that allows for laterally-resolved, multi-element, kinetic analyses of plant leaf tissues in vivo. To test the utility of this approach, we examined changes in the accumulation of Mn in unifoliate leaves of 7-d-old cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plants grown for 48 h at 0.2 and 30 μM Mn in solution.Repeated μ-XRF scanning did not damage leaf tissues demonstrating the validity of the method. Exposure to 30 μM Mn for 48 h increased the initial number of small spots of localized high Mn and their concentration rose from 40 to 670 mg Mn kg-1 fresh mass. Extension of the two-dimensional μ-XRF scans to a three-dimensional geometry provided further assessment of Mn localization and concentration.This method shows the value of synchrotron-based μ-XRF analyses for time-resolved in vivo analysis of elemental dynamics in plant sciences.

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