scholarly journals Analysis of volatiles from feces of released Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) in Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) spawning habitat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Zhou ◽  
Jianming Yang ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Yingjie Qi ◽  
Wei Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Spawning Habitat ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Fresh Feces ◽  
Gasterophilus Pecorum ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
And Control ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

AbstractThe absolute dominant species that infests wild population of Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) is Gasterophilus pecorum, and feces of released Przewalski’s horse, a habitat odor, plays an important role in mating and ovipositing locations of G. pecorum. To screen out unique volatiles for attracting G. pecorum, volatiles from fresh feces of released horses at stages of pre-oviposition (PREO), oviposition (OVIP), and post-oviposition (POSO) of G. pecorum, and feces with three different freshness states (i.e., Fresh, Semi-fresh, and Dry) at OVIP were collected by dynamic headspace adsorption and determined by automatic thermal desorption GC–MS. Results show that there were significant differences in fecal volatiles within both test conditions. Of the five most abundant volatiles from the five individual samples, the most important volatile was ammonium acetate at OVIP/Fresh, followed by acetophenone (Semi-fresh), toluene (PREO, OVIP and POSO), butanoic acid (OVIP and Semi-fresh), acetic acid (PREO, POSO and Semi-fresh), 1,6-octadiene,3,7-dimethyl-,(S)- (PREO, OVIP and POSO), 1,5,9-undecatriene,2,6,10-trimethyl-,(Z)- (PREO and Semi-fresh) and caprolactam (all conditions), which seem to be critical substances in oviposition process of G. pecorum. The findings may be beneficial to development of G. pecorum attractants, facilitating prevention and control of infection by G. pecorum to released Przewalski’s horse.

scholarly journals An extremely low gene pool for breeding of Equus przewalskii (Perissodactyla: Equidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
Jiří Volf
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

Only 62 individuals of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalski) were brought from the wild to captivity during the period of the known existence of their wild population (1881 – ca. 1968), 24 males and 30 females in 1899–1903; 1 male and 4 females in 1942–1945; 1 male and 2 females in 1947. Of these horses, only 12 individuals (6 males, 6 females) from the first imports and a female from 1947 entered the global breeding programme of the Przewalski’s horse.

Morphological character of the shoulder and leg skeleton in Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoki Sasaki ◽  
Hideki Endo ◽  
Daishiro Yamagiwa ◽  
Masako Yamamoto ◽  
Kazuyoshi Arishima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Character ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

scholarly journals Przewalski's horse — putting the wild horse back in the wild

Oryx ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver A. Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Wild Horse ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

Efforts are under way to re-establish free-living populations of Przewalski's horse Equus przewalskii from zoo-bred individuals. The time is opportune to begin such initiatives as there are more than 660 individuals dispersed in over 70 zoological collections. In addition, the captive population is now increasing rapidly and has the potential to provide reasonable numbers of animals for reintroduction programmes without jeopardizing the maintenance of the population that serves as an ex-situ gene pool nucleus.

scholarly journals Identification of volatile components from oviposition and non-oviposition plants of Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera: Gasterophilidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Zhou ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Tiange Zhang ◽  
Tong Zhou ◽  
Hongjun Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Hexyl Ester ◽  
Arid Desert ◽  
Gasterophilus Pecorum ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

Abstract Oviposition by Gasterophilus pecorum on shoot tips of Stipa caucasica is a key determinant of its severe infection of the reintroduced Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii). Volatiles in shoots of grasses on which Przewalski’s horse feeds, including S. caucasica at preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition stages of G. pecorum, S. caucasica, Stipa orientalis, and Ceratoides latens at the oviposition stage, and S. caucasica in various growth periods, were collected by dynamic headspace adsorption and analyzed by automatic thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among five volatiles with highest relative contents under three sets of conditions, caprolactam and 3-hexen-1-ol,(Z)- were common to all samples. Caprolactam was highest in C. latens at oviposition stage of G. pecorum and lowest in S. caucasica at postoviposition stage, and that of 3-hexen-1-ol,(Z)- was lowest in C. latens and highest in S. caucasica at its oviposition stage. Particularly, in S. caucasica during the three oviposition phenological stages of G. pecorum, 3-hexen-1-ol,acetate,(Z)-, 2(5H)-furanone,5-ethyl-, and 3-hexen-1-ol,acetate,(E)- were unique, respectively, to the preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition stages; in three plant species during the oviposition stage of G. pecorum, 3-hexen-1-ol,acetate,(Z)-, 3-hexenal, and 1-hexanol were unique to S. orientalis, acetic acid, hexanal, and 2(5H)-furanone,5-ethyl- to S. caucasica, and 1,3,6-octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-, cis-3-hexenyl isovalerate, and acetic acid hexyl ester to C. latens; in S. caucasica, 2-undecanone,6,10-dimethyl- was unique to the early growth period, acetic acid and 2(5H)-furanone,5-ethyl- to the flourishing growth period, and 3-hexen-1-ol,acetate,(Z)- and 1,3,6-octatriene,3,7-dimethyl- to the late growth period. Furthermore, substances specific to S. orientalis and C. latens were also present in S. caucasica, except at oviposition stage. Our findings will facilitate studies on G. pecorum’s adaptation to the arid desert steppe and its future control.

scholarly journals CT Examination of the Guttural Pouch (Auditory Tube Diverticulum) in Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalskii).

1999 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1019-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoki SASAKI ◽  
Yoshihiro HAYASHI ◽  
Hiroshi KOIE ◽  
Yoshiki YAMAYA ◽  
unpei JKIMURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Tube ◽  
Ct Examination ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

Characterization of a novel variant of amino acid transport system asc in erythrocytes from Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1117-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daron A. Fincham ◽  
John Clive Ellory ◽  
James D. Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Amino Acid Transport System ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

In thoroughbred horses, red blood cell amino acid transport activity is Na+-independent and controlled by three codominant genetic alleles (h, l, s), coding for high-affinity system asc1 (L-alanine apparent Km for influx at 37 °C [Formula: see text] 0.35 mM), low-affinity system asc2 (L-alanine Km[Formula: see text] 14 mM), and transport deficiency, respectively. The present study investigated amino acid transport mechanisms in red cells from four wild species: Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), Hartmann's zebra (Zebra hartmannae), Grevy's zebra (Zebra grevyi), and onager (Equus hemonius). Red blood cell samples from different Przewalski's horses exhibited uniformly high rates of L-alanine uptake, mediated by a high-affinity asc1-type transport system. Mean apparent Km and Vmax values (± SE) for L-alanine influx at 37 °C in red cells from 10 individual animals were 0.373 ± 0.068 mM and 2.27 ± 0.11 mmol (L cells∙h), respectively. As in thoroughbreds, the Przewalski's horse transporter interacted with dibasic as well as neutral amino acids. However, the Przewalski asc1 isoform transported L-lysine with a substantially (6.4-fold) higher apparent affinity than its thoroughbred counterpart (Km for influx 1.4 mM at 37 °C) and was also less prone to trans-stimulation effects. The novel high apparent affinity of the Przewalski's horse transporter for L-lysine provides additional key evidence of functional and possible structural similarities between asc and the classical Na+-dependent system ASC and between these systems and the Na+-independent dibasic amino acid transport system y+. Unlike Przewalski's horse, zebra red cells were polymorphic with respect to L-alanine transport activity, showing high-affinity or low-affinity saturable mechanisms of L-alanine uptake. Onager red cells transported this amino acid with intermediate affinity (apparent Km for influx 3.0 mM at 37 °C). Radiation inactivation analysis was used to estimate the target size of system asc in red cells from Przewalski's horse. The transporter's in situ apparent molecular weight was 158 000 ± 2500 (SE).Key words: amino acid transport, erythrocyte, Przewalski's horse.

scholarly journals Missing specimens of Equus przewalskii from the collection of the National Museum in Prague (Perissodactyla: Equidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
Jiří Volf
Keyword(s):  
National Museum ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

Abstract This paper presents osteometric data on three missing specimens of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) from the collection of the National Museum in Prague (75. ♀ Praha 8 “Vlasta”, 120 ♂ Washington 1 “Horymír“, and 92. ♂ Praha 25 “Leo”). The specimens were examined and the measurements taken by the author in the 1960s and 1970s, before they got lost.

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