Pemeriksaan Kecacingan Secara Kualitatif pada Sapi Perah Friesian Holstein di KPGS Cikajang Garut

Helminthiasis in dairy cows still get less attention from farmers compared to other diseases. Helminthiasis can make weight loss and decrease milk production. This research do by qualitative examination with direct slide and flotation technique. The purpose of this research is to describe information about qualitative examination of helminthiasis on dairy cows (Friesian holstein) from several farmers at KPGS Cikajang Garut. Faecal’s samples were taken from 82 dairy cows. The samples are fresh feces were taken randomly from dairy cows’s rectum. And then, the samples were put in a ziplock plastic to do qualitative examination. Qualitative examination were used are direct slide and flotation technique. The results of the examination showed negative results from 82 samples. The negative results caused by dairy cows have been given routine medication (anthelmintik) and their maintenance is well. Anthelmintik that is usually given to dairy cows are Albenol-2500® (Albendazole 2500 mg) is given orally mixed with cow feed, Intermectin® (Ivermectin 10 mg), Intermectin Super® (Ivermectin 100 mg, Clorsulon 100 mg) and Fluconix-340® (Nitroxinil 340 mg) are applied subcutaneously.

A Low to Medium-Shear Extruded Kibble with Greater Resistant Starch Increased Fecal Oligosaccharides, Butyric Acid, and Other Saccharolytic Fermentation By-Products in Dogs

The objective of this study was to assess whether diets with increased resistant starch (RS) had a positive effect on markers of colonic health in dogs. Three identical diets were extruded with high, medium and low shear (HS, MS and LS) to incrementally increase RS, and fed to 24 dogs in a replicated 3 × 3 William’s Latin square design for 28-day periods. Fasting blood and fresh feces were collected on the last week of each period. Fecal quality was maintained among treatments. Gut integrity markers were measured by ELISA. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured by LC MS/MS. In addition, the microbiota of dogs was determined from fresh feces by 16s rRNA high throughput sequencing. Untargeted metabolomics of both feces and serum were determined by UPLC. Data were analyzed using mixed models. There were no treatment effects on satiety hormones or gut integrity markers. Dogs fed LS or MS diets had marginal evidence (p < 0.10) for decreased fecal pH and for higher concentration (p < 0.05) of butyric acid and fecal oligosaccharides, succinate and lactate. Also, dogs fed the MS or LS diets had a shift towards more saccharolytic bacteria.

The effects of dehydration and local soil on parasite recovery: A preliminary paleoparasitological evaluation on experimental coprolites

Experimental paleoparasitological approaches have been used in order to optimize the methodology previously to the application in archeological samples. In this study we evaluated the action of dehydration and local soil (Central Argentina) on the loss of parasite eggs in experimental coprolites, using two parasitological techniques: spontaneous sedimentation and sucrose-flotation. Experimental coprolites comprised fresh human feces, positive for Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris sp., and Enterobius vermicularis, submitted to controlled artificial dehydration. Experimental coprolites with soil addition were prepared by mixing archeological sediment with equal mass of fresh feces. Helminth eggs were counted and eggs per gram were estimated in each subsample. Statistical analyses were applied to compare subsamples before and after desiccation and with and without addition of soil sediment. The performance of parasitological methods statistically differed, the sucrose flotation technique being the less effective when fresh feces and experimental coprolites were analyzed. Partial deformation of eggs was observed via both techniques only in subsamples containing H. nana eggs. However, this was not seen in Ascaris sp. subsamples, possibly due to eggshell composition. We found that sample desiccation significantly decreased the number of eggs in the experimental coprolites. Mixing archeological sediment with the fecal material also resulted in significantly fewer eggs surviving, independent of desiccation. This shows that climate and soil in which archeological fecal samples are found can strongly influence the survival of parasite eggs from past populations. The small amount of parasite evidence often found in paleoparasitological analyses, including Central Argentina, could be attributed to the action of taphonomic processes rather than to the real absence of infection in these ancient populations. Importantly, the study highlights the role of local soil, confirmed for the first time by empirical data. The research provides valuable insights into the understanding of the paleoparasitological results of the region and of general paleoparasitology.

Effect of functional oils or probiotics on performance and microbiota profile of newly weaned piglets

The study aimed to evaluate a commercial blend of functional oils based on liquid from the cashew nutshell and castor oil as a growth promoter in newly weaned piglets. A total of 225 piglets, castrated males and females with 28 days of age were randomly distributed in pens with 15 animals composing three treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were: control (without the inclusion of additives), probiotics, or functional oils. The performance was evaluated. At 50 days of age, a pool of fresh feces from 3 animals/repetition was collected to perform the sequencing of microbiota using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Supplementation with functional oils improved the piglets' daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) in the first weeks of the experiment, which resulted in higher final live weight (P < 0.05) in the phase when compared to the control treatment (24.34 kg and 21.55 kg, respectively). The animals that received probiotics showed an intermediate performance (23.66 kg final live weight) at the end of the 38 experimental days. Both additives were effective in increasing groups essential for intestinal health, such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. The functional oils were more effective in reducing pathogenic bacteria, such as Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the use of functional oils optimized performance and effectively modulated the microbiota of newly weaned piglets.

Analysis of volatiles from feces of released Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) in Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) spawning habitat

The absolute dominant species that infests wild population of Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) is Gasterophilus pecorum, and feces of released Przewalski’s horse, a habitat odor, plays an important role in mating and ovipositing locations of G. pecorum. To screen out unique volatiles for attracting G. pecorum, volatiles from fresh feces of released horses at stages of pre-oviposition (PREO), oviposition (OVIP), and post-oviposition (POSO) of G. pecorum, and feces with three different freshness states (i.e., Fresh, Semi-fresh, and Dry) at OVIP were collected by dynamic headspace adsorption and determined by automatic thermal desorption GC–MS. Results show that there were significant differences in fecal volatiles within both test conditions. Of the five most abundant volatiles from the five individual samples, the most important volatile was ammonium acetate at OVIP/Fresh, followed by acetophenone (Semi-fresh), toluene (PREO, OVIP and POSO), butanoic acid (OVIP and Semi-fresh), acetic acid (PREO, POSO and Semi-fresh), 1,6-octadiene,3,7-dimethyl-,(S)- (PREO, OVIP and POSO), 1,5,9-undecatriene,2,6,10-trimethyl-,(Z)- (PREO and Semi-fresh) and caprolactam (all conditions), which seem to be critical substances in oviposition process of G. pecorum. The findings may be beneficial to development of G. pecorum attractants, facilitating prevention and control of infection by G. pecorum to released Przewalski’s horse.

Effects of Tourism on the Habitat Use by a Threatened Large Rodent at a World Heritage Site

The mara is a large endemic rodent, which presents a marked decline in its populations, mainly because of habitat loss, hunting, and overgrazing. The Ischigualasto Provincial Park is a hyper-arid protected area at the Monte Desert of Argentina with an overall low plant cover. Our objective was to determine the influence of environmental variables and tourist activities on mara’s habitat use. We used different biological levels to explain it, from plant community to floristic composition, in order to know at which level we can better detect the effects of tourist activities. We registered fresh feces and habitat variables along 80 transects in two communities, near and far away from the tourist circuit. To evaluate habitat use, we fitted models at different biological levels: plant community, plant strata, plant biological forms, and floristic composition. At the community and plant strata levels, we could not detect any tourism effects on habitat use. However, we detected effects of tourist activities on mara’s habitat use at the plant strata and floristic composition levels. Maras also selected areas with a low proportion of both bare soil and pebbles cover. We found complex interactions between abiotic, biotic variables and tourism, studying mara’s places near tourism activities, probably because they perceive those places as predator-safe areas.

Glucuronides Hydrolysis by Intestinal Microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) Is Affected by Sampling, Enzyme Preparation, Buffer pH, and Species

Glucuronides hydrolysis by intestinal microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) is an important procedure for many endogenous and exogenous compounds. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of experimental conditions on glucuronide hydrolysis by intestinal microbial GUS. Standard probe 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and a natural glucuronide wogonoside were used as the model compounds. Feces collection time, buffer conditions, interindividual, and species variations were evaluated by incubating the substrates with enzymes. The relative reaction activity of pNPG, reaction rates, and reaction kinetics for wogonoside were calculated. Fresh feces showed the highest hydrolysis activities. Sonication increased total protein yield during enzyme preparation. The pH of the reaction system increased the activity in 0.69–1.32-fold, 2.9–12.9-fold, and 0.28–1.56-fold for mouse, rat, and human at three different concentrations of wogonoside, respectively. The Vmax for wogonoside hydrolysis was 2.37 ± 0.06, 4.48 ± 0.11, and 5.17 ± 0.16 μmol/min/mg and Km was 6.51 ± 0.71, 3.04 ± 0.34, and 0.34 ± 0.047 μM for mouse, rat, and human, respectively. The inter-individual difference was significant (4–6-fold) using inbred rats as the model animal. Fresh feces should be used to avoid activity loss and sonication should be utilized in enzyme preparation to increase hydrolysis activity. The buffer pH should be appropriate according to the species. Inter-individual and species variations were significant.

Commission test of the efficacy of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin against gastrointestinal strongylatoses of horses

The purpose of the research is a commission test of the efficacy of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin at gastrointestinal strongylatoses of horses.Materials and methods. The commission experiment was performed in June 2019 in the North Caucasian Federal District of the Chechen Republic. The efficacy of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin was evaluated on 20 horses of different breeds in the Seradin Equestrian Center. To determine the rate of gastrointestinal nematode infection in horses, we collected fresh feces in the morning, made tissue imprints from perianal folds and examined them by the Fülleborn's method using a saturated solution of sodium chloride.Results and discussion. The coproovoscopic examination determined a 100% infection of horses with Strongylates and 40.0% infection with Oxyuris sp., with 488.7±24.4 strongylates eggs and 16.9±0.84 Oxyuris sp. eggs found in 1 g of feces, respectively. Seven and 15 days after the supramolecular complex of ivermectin administered to the horses from the first test group at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg for the active substance (7.5 mg/kg for the drug) in a mixture with mixed feed, we did not find any Strongylata eggs or Oxyuris sp. eggs in feces or on tissue imprints. Insufficient efficacy was obtained in the horses from the second test group after being treated with the active substance of ivermectin at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg. The strongylate egg number decreased on average by 244.3±12.21, namely, by 50.1%, and no Oxyuris sp. eggs were found. The efficacy against Oxyuris sp. was 100%. The horses consumed the mixture of drugs with feed readily. There were no side effects after the drugs applied. Thus, we established the high efficacy of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin against gastrointestinal strongylatoses, and the convenience of its use in a mixture with feed to untamed herd horses individually and by group feeding.

Seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal strongylatosis in the European bison

The purpose of the research is studying seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal strongylatosis in bison in the Central Region of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The bison of different age and sex was studied in the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve, the Moscow Region. Fresh feces collected near feed troughs in enclosures in different seasons for three years were examined according to generally accepted methods. To analyze the infection rate of gastrointestinal strongylates in the European bison by months throughout the year, we took average monthly temperature and humidity values for 2018, 2019, and 2020 into account.Results and discussion. The maximum number of positive samples was diagnosed in the warm season of the year, namely, in summer and in the first months of autumn: August, September and October 2018 (79.3, 83.3 and 82.9%), August, October, November and December 2019 (73.7, 76.9, 77.1 and 77.8%), and June, July, August and October 2020 (85.6, 87.2, 88.0 and 86.3%). Ambient temperatures and precipitations affect significantly on the time of larvae development in the environment, which can be clearly seen in 2019.