House Heating by Hot Water Circulation

1888 ◽  
Vol 6 (2build) ◽  
pp. 44-44
Keyword(s):  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water

scholarly journals Mapping of Domestic Hot Water Circulation Losses in Buildings – Preliminary Results from 134 Measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 12009
Author(s):  
Stephen Burke ◽  
Jonatan von Seth ◽  
Tomas Ekström ◽  
Christoffer Maljanovski ◽  
Magnus Wiktorsson
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Water Circulation System ◽  
Heated Floor

The hot water circulation system in a building is a system which helps prevent Legionella problems whilst ensuring that tenants have access to hot water quickly. Poorly designed or implemented systems not only increase the risk to people’s health and thermal comfort, but even result in an increase in the energy needed for this system to function properly. Results from previous studies showed that the total hot water circulation system loss can be as high as 25 kWh/m2 heated floor area per year. The purpose of this project is to measure the total energy use per year of the hot water circulation system in about 200 multifamily dwellings of different ages to verify that a system loss of 4 kWh/m2, year is a realistic assumption for both newer and older/retrofitted buildings. The preliminary results from the first 134 measurements showed that the assumption of 4 kWh/m2, year is rarely fulfilled. An average energy use of more than three times this is more common, even in newer buildings. Whilst some of the total energy lost is used to heat the buildings, it is not desirable because it is an uncontrolled energy flow.

Jurassic clay mineral assemblages and their post-depositional alteration: upper Great Estuarine Group, Scotland

1987 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal Gradients ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Igneous Intrusions ◽  
Mineral Assemblages

AbstractClay minerals from Middle Jurassic lagoonal mudrocks, siltstones and silty fine-grained sandstones of the upper Great Estuarine Group (Bathonian) are divided into four assemblages. Assemblage 1, the most common assemblage, is rich in mixed-layer illite–smectite with attendant illite and kaolinite. Assemblage 2 is dominated by smectitic clay. These assemblages are indicative of primary Jurassic deposition. Illite and kaolinite were probably derived from the weathering of older rocks and soils in the basin hinterland and were deposited in the lagoons as river-borne detritus. The majority of smectite and mixed-layer illite–smectite is interpreted as the argillization product of Jurassic volcanic dust, also deposited in the lagoons by rivers. Near major Tertiary igneous intrusions these depositional clay mineral assemblages have been altered. Assemblage 3 contains smectite-poor mixed-layer illite–smectite, whilst Assemblage 4 contains no smectitic clay at all. Destruction of smectite interlayers occurred at relatively shallow burial depths (< 2500 m) due to enhanced geothermal gradients and local convective hot-water circulation cells associated with the major Tertiary igneous intrusions.

Successful Application of Hot Water Circulation in the Pelican Lake Field - Results and Analyses of the E29 Hot Water Injection Pilot

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Duval ◽  
Dubert Gutiérrez ◽  
Dino Petrakos ◽  
Pierre Ollier ◽  
Darren Johannson
Keyword(s):  
Water Injection ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water

scholarly journals A consideration of thermal burns caused by a mat with hot-water circulation. Analysis of heat transfer in a body contacting a mat with hot-water circulation.

1989 ◽  
Vol 55 (515) ◽  
pp. 2018-2023
Author(s):  
Tadayoshi TANAKA ◽  
Yukio YAMADA ◽  
Hiroshi ISHIGURO ◽  
Masaaki TAKEUCHI ◽  
Mamoru YAMASHITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Thermal Burns

Hot Water Temperature Drop in a Pipe as a Parameter in Order to Define Operation Time of a Circulation Loop in Domestic Hot Water Distribution System

2014 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Katarina Knizova ◽  
Martin Kovac
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Circulation Loop ◽  
Study Results

The content of this submission is to define the operation time of a hot water circulation loop in term of the hot water temperature drop in a time depending on several factors. Type and diameter of a pipe, thickness of a thermal pipe insulation, location of distribution pipes and ambient temperature around the pipes belong among these significant factors. All these parameters and others are used in the analytic calculation of the hot water temperature drop in a time according to the standard STN EN 15316-3-2. So we can use the calculated time of hot water temperature drop in order to define time intervals of the water circulation in hot water distribution pipes. The aim of this submission is to determine heat losses from hot water distribution pipes and calculate the electric energy consumption of the circulation pump for this design state. The study results are demonstrated on the model object of a multi-dwelling house.

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