Objectives. In Crohn’s disease (CD), the mechanisms underlying the regulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) of mucosal barrier function in the ileum are unclear. We analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation by GM-CSF of the mucosal barrier function. Methods. We examined the role of GM-CSF in the intestinal barrier function in CD at the molecular-, cellular-, and animal-model levels. Results. Macrophages directly secreted GM-CSF, promoting intestinal epithelial proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, which maintained intestinal barrier function. Macrophages were absent in NSAID-induced ileitis, causing GM-CSF deficiency, increasing the apoptosis rate, decreasing the proliferation rate, increasing inter- and paracellular permeabilities, decreasing the TJP levels, and reducing the numbers of mesenteric lymph nodes, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells in Csf1op/op transgenic mice. Conclusions. GM-CSF is required for the maintenance of intestinal barrier function. Macrophages directly secrete GM-CSF, promoting intestinal epithelial proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
Baicalein induces CD4+Foxp3+ T cells and enhances intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of food allergy