ABSTRACTNeurotrophism, structural plasticity, learning and long-term memory in mammals critically depend on neurotrophins binding Trk receptors to activate tyrosine kinase (TyrK) signalling, but Drosophila lacks full-length Trks, raising the question of how these processes occur in the fly. Paradoxically, truncated Trk isoforms lacking the TyrK predominate in the adult human brain, but whether they have neuronal functions independently of full-length Trks is unknown. Drosophila has TyrK-less Trk-family receptors, encoded by the kekkon (kek) genes, suggesting that evolutionarily conserved functions for this receptor class may exist. Here, we asked whether Keks function together with Drosophila neurotrophins (DNTs) at the larval glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Starting with an unbiased approach, we tested the evelen LRR and Ig-containing (LIG) proteins encoded in the Drosophila genome for expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and potential interaction with DNTs. Kek-6 was expressed in the CNS, could interact genetically with DNTs and could bind DNT2 both in signaling essays and in co-immunoprecipitations. There is promiscuity in ligand binding, as Kek-6 could also bind DNT1, and Kek-5 could also bind DNT2. In vivo, Kek-6 is found presynaptically in motoneurons, and binds DNT2 produced by the muscle, which functions as a retrograde factor at the NMJ. Kek-6 and DNT2 regulate NMJ growth, bouton formation and active zone homeostasis. Kek-6 does not antagonise the alternative DNT2 receptor Toll-6, but rather the two receptors contribute in distinct manners to NMJ structural plasticity. Using pull-down assays, we identified and validated CaMKII and VAP33A as intracellular partners of Kek-6, and show that together they regulate NMJ growth and active zone formation. These functions of Kek-6 could be evolutionarily conserved, raising the intriguing possibility that a novel mechanism of structural synaptic plasticity involving truncated Trk-family receptors independently of TyrK signaling may also operate in the human brain.AUTHOR SUMMARYA long-standing paradox had been to explain how brain structural plasticity, learning and long-term memory might occur in Drosophila in the absence of canonical Trk receptors for neurotrophin (NT) ligands. NTs link structure and function in the brain enabling adjustments in cell number, dendritic, axonal and synaptic patterns, in response to neuronal activity. These events are essential for brain development, learning and long-term memory, and are thought to depend on the tyrosine-kinase function of the NT Trk receptors. However, paradoxically, the most abundant Trk isoforms in the adult human brain lack the tyrosine kinase, and their neuronal function is unknown. Remarkably, Drosophila has kinase-less receptors of the Trk family encoded by the kekkon (kek) genes, suggesting that deep evolutionary functional conservation for this receptor class could be unveiled. Here, we show that Kek-6 is a receptor for Drosophila neurotrophin 2 (DNT2) that regulates structural synaptic plasticity via CaMKII and VAP33A, well-known factors regulating synaptic structure and plasticity, and vesicle release. Our findings suggest that in mammals truncated Trk-family receptors could also have synaptic functions in neurons independently of Tyrosine kinase signalling. This might reveal a novel mechanism of brain plasticity, with important implications for understanding also the human brain, in health and disease.
Nectin-3 modulates the structural plasticity of dentate granule cells and long-term memory
