Modulation of sulfur partial pressure in sulfurization to significantly improve the photoelectrochemical performance over the Cu2ZnSnS4 photocathode

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (74) ◽  
pp. 14057-14059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanfang Zhang ◽  
Shuxin Ouyang ◽  
Qing Yu ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Jinhua Ye
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Photoelectrochemical Performance ◽  
Sulfur Pressure ◽  
Sulfur Partial Pressure

We designed a facile method for modulating sulfur pressure in a semi-closed system to enhance the PEC performance of the CZTS photocathode.

Examples of the Practical Use of Non-Stoichiometric Compounds

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Kosuge
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Pressure ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Coulometric Titration ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Basic Characteristics

In this chapter, we describe four kinds of non-stoichiometric compound, which are or will be in practical use, from the viewpoint of preparation methods or utility. As a first example, the solid electrolyte (ZrO2)0.85(CaO)0.15 is described, which are discussed in Sections 1.4.6–1.4.8 from the viewpoint of basic characteristics. The second example is the magnetic material Mn–Zn ferrite, for which the control of non-stoichiometry and the manufacturing process will be described. Then the metal hydrides or hydrogen absorbing alloys, which are one of the most promising materials for storing and transporting hydrogen in the solid state, are described, mainly focusing on the phase relation. Finally, we describe the relation between the control of composition and the growth of a single crystal of the semiconductive compound GaAs, which is expected to give electronic materials for 1C and LSI etc. Solid electrolytes, which show ionic conductivity in the solid state, are considered to be potential materials for practical use, some are already used as mentioned below. Solid electrolytes have characteristic functions, such as electromotive force, ion selective transmission, and ion omnipresence. Here we describe the practical use of calcia stabilized zirconia (CSZ), (ZrO2)0.85(CaO)0.15, the structure and basic properties of which are discussed in detail in Sections 1.4.5–1.4.8. The most simple practical application of CSZ is for the gauge of oxygen partial pressure, as mentioned in Sections 1.4.7 and 1.4.8. The oxygen partial pressure P2o2 in the closed system as shown in Fig. 3.1 can be measured, taking the air as the standard oxygen pressure P1o2. The electromotive force (EMF) of this concentration cell is expressed as . . . E = (RT/4F)ln(P1o2/ P2o2) . . . This principle is applied in the measurement of oxygen partial pressure in laboratory experiments and of the oxygen activity of slag in refineries. Based on the principle of coulometric titration (see Section 1.4.8), the oxygen partial pressure of a closed system can be kept constant by feedback of the EMF, in the oxygen pressure range 1 to 10−7 atm. By use of this closed system, investigations on redox reactions of metals and also enzyme reactions have been carried out.

Influence of sulfur partial pressure on the structural performance of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 105552
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Li ◽  
Ruiting Hao ◽  
Kang Gu ◽  
Jie Guo ◽  
Jinghui Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Sulfur Partial Pressure

Preparation of high-quality Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films for solar cells via the improvement of sulfur partial pressure using a static annealing sulfurization approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongyue Liu ◽  
Manlin Tan ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Xinghong Zhang ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Static Annealing ◽  
Sulfur Partial Pressure

scholarly journals Sulfidation Behavior of a Thermal Barrier Coating at 1173K in H2S-H2 Gas Mixture with a 10-0.65Pa Sulfur Partial Pressure

2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 376-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Yu ◽  
Hiroshi Taumi ◽  
Toshio Narita
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Thermal Barrier Coating ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Barrier Coating ◽  
Sulfur Partial Pressure

Only Carbon Dioxide Absorbents Free of Both NaOH and KOH Do Not Generate Compound A during In Vitro  Closed-system Sevoflurane

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 750-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda F. M. Versichelen ◽  
Marie-Paule L. A. Bouche ◽  
Georges Rolly ◽  
Jan F. P. Van Bocxlaer ◽  
Michel M. R. F. Struys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Breathing Circuit ◽  
Lithium Hydroxide ◽  
Lung Model ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Compound A ◽  
End Tidal Carbon Dioxide ◽  
End Tidal

Background Insufficient data exist on the production of compound A during closed-system sevoflurane administration with newer carbon dioxide absorbents. Methods A modified PhysioFlex apparatus (Dräger, Lübeck, Germany) was connected to an artificial test lung (inflow at the top of the bellow approximately/= 160 ml/min CO2; outflow at the Y piece of the lung model approximately/= 200 ml/min, simulating oxygen consumption). Ventilation was set to obtain an end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure of approximately 40 mmHg. Various fresh carbon dioxide absorbents were used: Sodasorb (n = 6), Sofnolime (n = 6), and potassium hydroxide (KOH)-free Sodasorb (n = 7), Amsorb (n = 7), and lithium hydroxide (n = 7). After baseline analysis, liquid sevoflurane was injected into the circuit by syringe pump to obtain 2.1% end-tidal concentration for 240 min. At baseline and at regular intervals thereafter, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure, end-tidal sevoflurane concentration, and canister inflow (T degrees(in)) and canister outflow (T degrees(out)) temperatures were measured. To measure compound Ainsp concentration in the inspired gas of the breathing circuit, 2-ml gas samples were taken and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography plus mass spectrometry. Results The median (minimum-maximum) highest compound Ainsp concentrations over the entire period were, in decreasing order: 38.3 (28.4-44.2)* (Sofnolime), 30.1 (23.9-43.7) (KOH-free Sodasorb), 23.3 (20.0-29.2) (Sodasorb), 1.6 (1.3-2.1)* (lithium hydroxide), and 1.3 (1.1-1.8)* (Amsorb) parts per million (*P < 0.01 vs. Sodasorb). After reaching their peak concentration, a decrease for Sofnolime, KOH-free Sodasorb, and Sodasorb until 240 min was found. The median (minimum-maximum) highest values for T degrees(out) were 39 (38-40), 40 (39-42), 41 (40-42), 46 (44-48)*, and 39 (38-41) degrees C (*P < 0.01 vs. Sodasorb), respectively. Conclusions With KOH-free (but sodium hydroxide [NaOH]-containing) soda limes even higher compound A concentrations are recorded than with standard Sodasorb. Only by eliminating KOH as well as NaOH from the absorbent (Amsorb and lithium hydroxide) is no compound A produced.

scholarly journals Evolution of Cu2ZnSnS4 during Non-Equilibrium Annealing with Quasi-in Situ Monitoring of Sulfur Partial Pressure

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 3713-3722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ren ◽  
Nils Ross ◽  
Jes K. Larsen ◽  
Katharina Rudisch ◽  
Jonathan J. S. Scragg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Sulfur Partial Pressure ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Cobalt Base Clad Layer Resistance on the Corrosion under Low Sulfur Pressure

2010 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
Hanna Smolenska
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Sulfur Pressure ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Similar Tendency ◽  
Laser Cladding Process ◽  
Clad Layer ◽  
Layer Resistance ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Cobalt Base

The paper considers the sulphidation of the clad layers made of the cobalt base powder and prepared by the multi-overlapped tracks and sublayers fabricated using laser cladding process applied at 800°C under sulphur partial pressure ps2= 10e-8 atm and ps2= 10e-10 atm for 24 hours. The phase compositions of the scale were different. In both cases changes in the layer under the scale exhibited similar tendency – decomposition of the carbides from the interdendritic regions and severe internal corrosion along the dendrite boundaries.

Effect of sulfur partial pressure on the growth of CuInS 2 single crystals

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kanis ◽  
M. L. Fearheiley ◽  
K. Diesner ◽  
Sebastian Fiechter ◽  
B. Hermoneit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Sulfur Partial Pressure

Effects of open- and closed-system temperature changes on blood oxygen dissociation curves of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1814-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Brill ◽  
Peter G. Bushnell
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
System Temperature ◽  
Dissociation Curves

Tunas often experience rapid temperature changes of 10 °C or more during their daily vertical movements. Their blood is therefore subjected to open-system (i.e., constant O2 and CO2 partial pressure, variable O2 and CO2 content) temperature changes during passage through the gills. In addition, tunas possess vascular countercurrent heat exchangers and can have deep red muscle temperatures as much as 20 °C above ambient. Their blood also experiences closed-system (i.e., constant O2 and CO2 content, variable O2 and CO2 partial pressure) temperature changes during passage through the heat exchangers. Temperature-independent blood O2 binding could be expected. We found blood oxygen dissociation curves of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) to be temperature independent during open-system temperature changes. Although blood from both species showed unsually large Bohr effects (−0.986 and −0.865 Δlog P50∙ΔpH−1 for skipjack and yellowfin tuna, respectively) when subjected to CO2 partial pressure alterations in the open system, the oxygen dissociation curves of skipjack tuna blood were nearly temperature independent during closed-system temperature changes. In other words, blood from skipjack tuna showed a reduced Bohr effect when subjected to the inevitable CO2 partial pressure changes that accompany closed-system temperature shifts. Since skipjack tuna blood shows temperture-independent O2 binding during closed-system temperature changes whereas yellowfin tuna blood does not, this unusual feature is not obligatory in thermoconserving fishes.

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