scholarly journals Painting the green canvas: how pigments produce flower colours

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Narbona ◽  
José C. del Valle ◽  
Justen B. Whittall
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Flower Colour ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Colour Variation ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Flower Colours ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Colour Patterns

Flowering plants are characterized by the production of striking flower colours and these colours are primarily caused by the accumulation of pigments in cells of the floral organs. The extraordinary array of colours displayed in flowers relies on four main pigment groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids and betalains. With thousands of different compounds, flavonoids are the most diverse and widespread pigment group. They include coloured anthocyanins, aurones and chalcones, as well as many flavonoid compounds such as flavones and flavonols that are invisible to humans, but visible to most pollinators since they absorb ultraviolet light (UV). Flowers may exhibit homogenous colours produced by only one type of pigment or extremely complex colour patterns caused by the accumulation of several types of pigments in the same or in different floral organs. Here, we review the ecological biochemistry of pigments affecting flower colour. We also present data of flower colour variation and provide future research directions guided by the physiological functions of floral pigments.

Developing Management from Islamic Perspectives (MIP) as a Formal Academic Discipline

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-69
Author(s):  
Shamas-Ur-Rehman Toor
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
International Consortium ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Management from Islamic Perspectives (MIP) is an emerging field that has begun to attract scholarly attention. However, the research undertaken so far has been rather fragmented and lack a clear agenda. This paper presents a literature review of the field and the areas of current focus. Although the field has a huge growth potential, I argue that it faces several challenges and problems as it develops further. I outline these potential pitfalls, suggest how to develop MIP as a formal discipline, and explain how to integrate it within real-life business practices. The article closes with a call for research to be conducted in a more organized fashion through an international consortium of researchers as well as recommendations for future research directions.

Is Cannabis Tourism Deviant? A Theoretical Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Ying ◽  
Jun Wen ◽  
Hairong Shan
Keyword(s):  
Moral Identity ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Deviant Behaviors ◽  
Future Research Directions

With the growth of cannabis tourism, destinations such as the Netherlands have begun to offer cannabis-related products and services to visitors, including tourists from countries where all drugs are strictly prohibited. Yet limited research has sought to understand cannabis-oriented tourists' efforts to neutralize deviant connotations, namely by justifying or rationalizing misbehavior, when deciding to participate in cannabis tourism. This research note proposes a framework of deviant consumption behavior (DCB) constructed of geographic shifting, self-identity shifting, and moral identity shifting from the perspective of cannabis-oriented tourists to delineate tourists' decision-making process around engaging in deviant behaviors. The proposed framework suggests that previously developed DCB frameworks in the marketing and consumer behavior literature should be adapted for use in outbound tourism research. This research note also highlights areas for debate and investigation regarding cannabis tourists' deviant behavior. Future research directions are provided based on the proposed framework as it applies to deviant tourism research.

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