scholarly journals Secretion of cell-wall glycoproteins by yeast protoplasts. Effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and cycloheximide

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Farkaš ◽  
A. Svoboda ◽  
Š. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Inhibitor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Yeast Protoplasts ◽  
Inhibitor Of Protein Synthesis

The effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and cycloheximide on the synthesis and secretion of the cell-wall constituents protein and mannan in yeast protoplasts was examined in detail. Although the 2-deoxy-d-glucose hardly influenced protein synthesis, a significant parallel inhibition of carbohydrate and protein secretion into the medium was observed. The mechanism of this inhibition is considered as an interference of metabolites of 2-deoxy-d-glucose with the synthesis of yeast mannan. Cycloheximide, which is an effective inhibitor of protein synthesis in yeast (Kerridge, 1958), inhibited the secretion of non-diffusible carbohydrate in yeast protoplasts, but on the other hand had no effect on the activity of particulate yeast mannan synthetase. Our results clearly show that blocking the synthesis of either part of the mannan–protein complex prevents the extracellular appearance of the other component. The nature of this phenomenon is discussed.

EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D ON TSH-INDUCED STIMULATION OF THYROIDAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Wägar
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Translational Level ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Whether the short-term regulation of thyroidal protein synthesis by TSH occurs at the transcriptional or the translational level was tested by measuring the effect of actinomycin D (act D) on the TSH-induced stimulation of L-14C-leucine incorporation into the thyroidal proteins of rats. TSH was injected 6 h before the rats were killed. The thyroid glands were then removed and incubated in vitro in the presence of L-14C-leucine for 2 h. The pronounced stimulation of leucine incorporation in the TSH-treated animals was depressed as compared with controls but still significant even when the animals had been pre-treated with 100 μg act D 24 and 7 h before sacrifice. On the other hand, act D strongly decreased incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA. Short-term regulation of thyroidal protein synthesis by TSH appears to be partly but not wholly dependent on neosynthesis of RNA. Hence regulation may partly occur at the translation level of protein synthesis.

Polysomal organization in growing and resting cultures and its relation to protein synthesis in Tetrahymena

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
P. Isberner ◽  
G. Cleffmann
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Amino Acid Incorporation ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Acid Incorporation ◽  
Other Hand

Cytosol from Tetrahymena cells growing at different rates was isolated and separated by centrifugation into polysomal and non-polysomal fractions. The RNAs of either fraction were separated chromatographically into poly(A)+ RNA and poly(A)-RNA. It was found that in resting cultures the total RNA per cell is only about half of that of rapidly growing cultures. All fractions of RNA were reduced proportionally. Thus, the percentage of polysomally bound total RNA (70% of cytosol RNA) and polysomally bound poly(A)+ RNA (72% of cytosol poly(A)+ RNA) is the same in growing and resting cultures. Differences, however, were found in the polysomal structure. Polysomes from resting cultures contained significantly fewer ribosomes. The amounts of RNA bound to polysomes were related to the rate of protein synthesis under different growth conditions. The decrease in cellular RNA corresponded well with the reduction in amino acid incorporation in resting cells. The rate of protein accumulation in resting cells, on the other hand, was considerably less, suggesting that polypeptides in resting cultures are less stable.

Effect of different oxygen concentrations in the gas phase on biochemical activities of goat mammary tissue in organ culture

1989 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Škarda ◽  
Eva Urbanová
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rna And Protein Synthesis ◽  
Casein Synthesis ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

SummaryNon-secretory mammary expiants from virgin goats showed higher RNA and protein synthesis in a low O2 gas phase (air) than in high O2 (95% O2). Lipid and casein synthesis was not affected significantly by the concentration of O2 in the atmosphere during culture. on the other hand, the more developed mammary tissue from primigravid goats showed higher lipid, casein and protein synthesis in 95% O2. The relative response of mammary tissue to hormones was not substantially different when cultured in the presence of a low or high O2 gas phase. As Hepes-buffered medium was found not to need a supply of CO2 to maintain the correct pH and as Hepes did not interfere with biochemical activities of cells, it is recommended to use it for cultures in a low O2 gas phase.

Leucine and sport

2007 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Improved Function ◽  
Endurance Activity

In a nutshellExercise increases oxidation of amino acids such as leucine.On the other hand, leucine is a powerful mediator of protein synthesis in muscle, promoting improved function, reduced fatigue and enhanced recovery from exertion. There is RCT evidence that leucine improves sports performance, particularly for endurance activity, but more evidence is still needed.

scholarly journals The relation of the concentration of macronutrients in the substrate and in the foliage to cell wall thickness and cellulose concentration in the xylem of slash pine (Pinus elliotti)

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (0) ◽  
pp. 295-333
Author(s):  
E. Malavolta ◽  
J.R. Sarruge ◽  
H.P. Haag ◽  
R. Vencovsky ◽  
C.F.O. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Cellulose Concentration

Sand culture experiments, using a sub-irrigation technique, were installed in order to find out the effects of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S on growth, aspect, mineral composition, length of fibers, thickness of cell wall and cellulose concentration in slash pine. The aim was to obtain, under controlled conditions, basic information which could eventually lead to practical means designed to increase the rate of growth and to make of slash pine a richer source of cellulose. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Nitrogen was supplied initially at the levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; phosphorus was given at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 ppm; potassium was supplied at the rates of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; six months after the experiment was started the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Others macro and all micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates. Fifteen hours of illumination per day were provided. The experimental technique for growing the slash pine seedlings proved quite satisfactory. Symptoms of deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed, described and recorded in photographs and water colors. These informations will help to identify abnormalities which may appear under field conditions. Chemical analysis of the several plant parts, on the other hand, give a valuable means to assess the nutritional status of slash pine, thus confirming when needed, the visual diagnosis. The correctness of manurial pratices, on the other hand, can be judged with the help of the analytical data tabulated. Under the experimental conditions nitrogen caused the highest increases on growth, as measured by increments in height and dry weights, whereas the effects of phosphorus and potassium were less marked. Cellulose concentration was not significantly affected by the treatments used. Higher levels of N seemed to decrease both length of fiber elements and the thickness of cell wall. The effects of P and K were not well defined. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Calcium was supplied initially at the levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm; magnesium and sulfur were given at the rates of 6, 12.5 and 25 ppm. Other macro and micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates, common to all treatments. Three months after starting the experiment the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Symptoms of deficiency of calcium, magnesium and sulfur were observed, described and recorded as in the case of the previous experiment. Chemical analysis were made, both for mineral content and cellulose concentration. Length of fibers and thickness of cell wall were measured. Both calcium and magnesium increase height, sulfur failing to give significant response. Dry weight was beneficially affected by calcium and sulfur. The levels of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the needles associated with deficiency and maximum growth are comparable with those found in the literature. Cellulose concentration increased when the level of sulfur in the substrate was raised. The thickness of cell wall was negatively affected by the treatments; no effect was observed with regards to length of fibers.

CORTISOLWIRKUNGEN AUF DEN PROTEINUND ENERGIESTOFFWECHSEL IN DER PERIPHERIE

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
H. Kröner ◽  
W. Staib
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Inhibition Of Protein Synthesis ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Rna And Dna

ABSTRACT By measuring protein, RNA and DNA in skeletal muscle and spleen we were unable to demonstrate an enhanced catabolism due to cortisol. On the other hand we could demonstrate a reduced anabolism by diminished incorporation of 14C labelled leucin in protein of muscle, spleen and skin. Simultaneously an increase of ATP and an equivalent decrease of ADP were found in connective tissue, which were regarded as a consequence of reduced energy consumption. In skeletal muscle a decrease of energy consumption due to cortisol was only indirect demonstrable by reduced glycolysis when oxidative metabolism was eliminated for a short time. It seems obvious, that inhibition of protein synthesis causes the diminished energy consumption.

scholarly journals Azide as inhibitor of protein synthesis in yeast protoplasts

FEBS Letters ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J.C. Amesz ◽  
B.A.M. van der Zeijst
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Yeast Protoplasts ◽  
Inhibitor Of Protein Synthesis

scholarly journals First result of tartaric stabilization by adding mannoproteins (Mannostab™)

OENO One ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Moine-Ledoux ◽  
A. Perrin ◽  
I. Paladin ◽  
Denis Dubourdieu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
New Product ◽  
Model Solution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Crystallization Inhibitor ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

<p style="text-align: justify;">Some mannoproteins which are extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast's cell wall with the aid of commercial preparation composed with beta-glucanases (Glucanex™) inhihits the tartaric acid's salt breakdown in model solution as well as in wines for an addition between 10 and 25 g/hl. On the other hand, heat extracted mannoproteins arc inactive on the tartaric precipitation stabilization. Furthermore, the crystallization inhibitor activity of the enzymatic extracted mannoproteins is due to the presence of sharply glycosylated mannoproteins of mediummolecular weight (30 to 50 kda) which are not heat extracted. That is why the heat extracted mannoproteins are inactive. The enzymatic extracted mannoproteins are produced at a pilot plan. This preparation (Mannostab™), soluble in wines, colourless and without any flavour, stabilize with the same efficiency than a freeze treatment and this effective live is superior to the metatartric acid. Moreover, the necessary steps were been taked to permit experimentally this new product : Mannostab™</p>

Zellteilung und Morphogenese der Vorkeime von Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) SCHOTT in hellroter und blauer Strahlung bei Hemmung der Proteinsynthese

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Bergfeld
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Effective Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitor Of Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fern Gametophytes

In earlier paper 1, 2, 3 it has been shown that morphogenetically effective blue light — compared with red light — increases protein synthesis in young fern gametophytes (= sporelings). The induction of normal morphogenesis, i.e. formation of two-dimensional prothallia instead of filaments can only occur in the presence of blue light and is correlated with an increase of protein synthesis. — The present paper confirms the hypothesis that the blue light dependent increase of protein synthesis might be causally connected with blue light dependent morphogenesis. Under the influence of 5-methyl-tryptophane, an effective inhibitor of protein synthesis, morphogenesis of the sporelings is much more inhibited under blue than under red light. — The inhibition due to the antimetabolite can be reversed by the application of tryptophane. This reversion occurs under red light at a lower concentration of tryptophane and is more complete than under blue light.

Hierarchies of ATP-consuming processes: direct compared with indirect measurements, and comparative aspects

2001 ◽  
Vol 355 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang WIESER ◽  
Gerhard KRUMSCHNABEL
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Hepatoma Cell Line ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Energy Limitation

The original aim of the present study was to deal with two problems that had emerged from a study on hierarchies of ATP-consuming processes in cells [Buttgereit and Brand (1995) Biochem. J. 312, 163-167]. Firstly, we wanted to find out whether the results of that study had been influenced by the method used for the determination of process activity and, secondly, we wondered whether and to what extent the structure of the hierarchy established for cell suspensions under energy-limiting conditions might depend on the type of cell or on the lifestyle, ecology and phylogenetic status of the species from which the cells were derived. We confined our study to the two most prominent ATP consumers of cells: protein synthesis and the Na+/K+-ATPase, measuring their activity directly by [3H]leucine incorporation and Rb+-flux respectively. We found large differences in the sensitivity of protein synthesis to energy limitation between hepatocytes from an anoxia-tolerant fish species and an anoxia-sensitive fish species (goldfish and rainbow trout respectively). On the other hand, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was hardly affected by energy limitation in the hepatocytes from both fish species. We also studied the response of a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, to energy limitation and found both protein synthesis and Na+/K+-ATPase activity to be equally sensitive to energy limitation, but more sensitive than the Na+/K+-ATPase of the two fish species. A comparison of the indirect and direct methods for measuring protein synthesis revealed the rate of oxygen consumption to be functionally related to the concentration of cycloheximide, the inhibitor used. It was found that at 15mM cycloheximide [three orders of magnitude higher than the concentration at which the incorporation of free amino acids (FAA) into protein is inhibited] total oxygen consumption was suppressed by 71-75%, whereas the measured rate of [3H]leucine incorporation into protein suggested that the cycloheximide-sensitive fraction should have amounted to not more than approx. 10% of the total oxygen consumption. On the other hand, the amount of oxygen consumption suppressed with the high concentration of cycloheximide corresponded almost exactly to the increase in oxygen consumption of cells incubated in an FAA-enriched medium compared with cells incubated in a standard, FAA-free medium. Our major conclusions are, firstly, that high concentrations of cycloheximide disrupt cellular metabolism, bringing to a standstill all those processes that can be stimulated by incubating starved cells in an FAA-enriched medium, secondly, that the attempt to estimate the metabolic cost of protein synthesis by inhibiting oxygen consumption with cycloheximide leads to spurious results, and, thirdly, that the structure of a ‘hierarchy’ of ATP-consumers may reflect the lifestyle and physiology of the species studied.

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