The Retention of Lung Secretions during the Night in Normal Subjects

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. M. Bateman ◽  
D. Pavia ◽  
S. W. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Male Subjects

1. Mucociliary clearance has been measured over a 6 h period by using the radioaerosol technique in seven normal male subjects lying supine, both during the day when awake, and during the night when asleep. 2. The percentage of radioaerosol cleared during the night, when asleep, was significantly less than during the day when awake (P < 0.02). 3. A comparison of radioaerosol clearance before and after the time of onset of sleep demonstrates that reduced clearance occurred during sleep, indicating that this is probably a sleep-related phenomenon and not merely a result of diurnal variation. 4. This finding has important implications for patients with chronic bronchitis or asthma, in whom early morning cough or wheeze may be a predominant feature.

O2 cost of inspiratory and expiratory resistive breathing in humans

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 2518-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Dodd ◽  
J. Yarom ◽  
S. H. Loring ◽  
L. A. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Pressure Time ◽  
Resistive Breathing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Expiratory Muscles ◽  
Variable Recruitment ◽  
Equivalent Load ◽  
Male Subjects

In six normal male subjects we compared the O2 cost of resistive breathing (VO2 resp) between equivalent external inspiratory (IRL) and expiratory loads (ERL) studied separately. Each subject performed four pairs of runs matched for tidal volume, breathing frequency, flow rates, lung volume, pressure-time product, and work rate. Basal O2 uptake, measured before and after pairs of loaded runs, was subtracted from that measured during resistive breathing to obtain VO2 resp. For an equivalent load, the VO2 resp during ERL (184 +/- 17 ml O2/min) was nearly twice that obtained during IRL (97 +/- 9 ml O2/min). This twofold difference in efficiency between inspiratory and expiratory resistive breathing may reflect the relatively lower mechanical advantage of the expiratory muscles in overcoming respiratory loads. Variable recruitment of expiratory muscles may explain the large variation of results obtained in studies of respiratory muscle efficiency in normal subjects.

Impedance measurement during air and He-O2 breathing before and after salbutamol in normal subjects

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1665-1669
Author(s):  
E. F. Wouters
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Measurement ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Beta Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Inductive Reactance

Total respiratory resistance and reactance from 4 to 52 Hz were determined by the method of forced pseudorandom noise oscillation in 20 normal male subjects before and after inhalation of 0.200 mg salbutamol (albuterol) and before and after the subjects were equilibrated with 80% He-20% O2. During air breathing, there was a statistically significant decrease of resistance values at lower frequencies after inhalation of salbutamol. When the subject was equilibrated with 80% He-20% O2, total respiratory resistance markedly decreased at all frequencies, and a negative frequency dependence of resistance was observed between 8 and 20 Hz. Resistance values further decreased during He-O2 breathing after inhalation of salbutamol. After inhalation of salbutamol, reactance values increased during air and He-O2 breathing. The density-dependent decrease of the real part of impedance can be explained by a decrease of turbulence in the larger airways. The bronchodilating effect of salbutamol was not influenced by a change in the physical properties of the inhaled gas. During He-O2 breathing, reactance values significantly decreased, resulting in an increase of resonant frequency due to a decrease of inductive reactance. It is concluded that an increase in the capacitance of the respiratory system must be supposed to explain the increase in reactance values after inhalation of the beta-adrenergic agonist salbutamol.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effects of Intravenous Papaverine Hydrochloride and Oral Pavabid HP Capsulets on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Normal Individuals

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence C. McHenry ◽  
David A. Stump ◽  
George Howard ◽  
Thomas T. Novack ◽  
Don H. Bivins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Papaverine Hydrochloride

A single-blind study was conducted in 13 right-handed normal male subjects to compare the effects of oral and i.v. papaverine on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Six xenon-133 inhalation rCBF measurements were performed on each subject; three tests—baseline, placebo, and drug evaluations—were carried out on each of two separate days. The oral and i.v. drugs were randomized for first-day administration. rCBF, measured as flow gray (FG), increased significantly (p ≤ 0.001) from baseline with both drug forms. Increases of 10.53% and 13.94% (left and right hemispheres, respectively) were demonstrated 90 min after a single 600-mg dose of oral papaverine. Increases of 5.09% and 8.69%, respectively, were recorded immediately after a single 100-mg dose of i. v. papaverine. FG also increased significantly (p ≤ 0.001) for both drug forms when compared to that of placebo. Placebo produced only a slight increase (not significant) with both the oral and i.v. groups. The data show that both oral and i.v. papaverine are equally effective in increasing rCBF in normal subjects.

Reversibility of Airways Obstruction in Chronic Bronchitis

1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Astin
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Atropine Sulphate ◽  
Airways Obstruction ◽  
Chest Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Airways Resistance ◽  
Intravenous Atropine

1. Airways resistance and lung volume were measured in twenty-five patients with chronic bronchitis and fifteen patients without chest disease before and after the inhalation of isoprenaline. Similar measurements were made on fourteen of these patients with chronic bronchitis and twelve other patients without chest disease before and after the intravenous injection of atropine sulphate. 2. There were significant decreases in airways resistance after isoprenaline inhalation and intravenous atropine both in patients with bronchitis and normal subjects but the decreases were greater in the patients with chronic bronchitis. 3. The decrease in resistance was proportional to the degree of initial airways resistance. 4. The results are considered to indicate that bronchial muscle contraction increases the airways resistance of patients with chronic bronchitis and contributes to the airways obstruction; its contribution increases with increasing severity of the condition. A significant part of the increased airways resistance in these patients is potentially reversible and nervously mediated.

Effect of Single and Combined Infusions of Angiotensin II and Aldosterone on Colonic Potential Difference, Blood Pressure and Renal Function, in Patients with Adrenal Deficiency

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
A. D. Efstratopoulos ◽  
W. S. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Adrenal Deficiency ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Male Subjects

1. The effect of single and combined infusions of angiotensin and aldosterone on colonic potential difference, blood pressure and renal function was studied in two normal male subjects and four female patients with adrenal deficiency maintained only on cortisone. 2. Aldosterone had its usual effect on colonic potential difference and it was possible to show that angiotensin had a small but definite effect of its own in the absence of aldosterone. The two hormones produced a summation response when given together. 3. The effects on renal function in two normal young male subjects were similar to those known previously. The response of the patients was different and probably reflected a number of factors, such as age, sex and long-standing adrenal deficiency. 4. Although the numbers were small, both normal subjects and patients showed a significantly greater rise of blood pressure with combined infusions of angiotensin and aldosterone than with angiotensin alone. The plasma concentrations of angiotensin were similar with both types of infusion, and so increased sensitivity to angiotensin in the presence of aldosterone is postulated.

Practical Importance of a Preceding Full Inhalation or Exhalation upon the Measurement of Airway Resistance

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Higenbottam ◽  
T. J. H. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Indirect Measurements ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Airway Function ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Male Subjects

1. Airway resistance was measured close to functional residual capacity before and after a full inhalation of total lung capacity, as well as before and after a full exhalation to residual volume. 2. The effects of these volume manoeuvres upon airway resistance (and associated lung volume) were determined in four resting normal male subjects and in six normal men during experimentally induced bronchoconstriction after breathing an air/histamine mist from a Wright's nebulizer. 3. In four men the duration of the effect of a full inhalation upon airway resistance after induced bronchoconstriction was assessed separately. 4. Neither a full inhalation nor a full exhalation altered airway resistance under normal conditions. However, a full inhalation reduced airway resistance in the presence of bronchoconstriction and this effect lasted for a period of 45 s. Even with bronchoconstriction, a full exhalation had no effect on airway resistance. 5. Account must therefore be taken of the potential reduction in airway resistance which may result from a full inhalation, particularly when indirect measurements of airway function which involve a full inhalation, such as forced spirometry, are used to assess airway obstruction.

scholarly journals Direct measurement of the lumped constant for 2-deoxy-[1-14C]glucose in vivo in human skeletal muscle

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. E228-E233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapio Utriainen ◽  
Stefania Lovisatti ◽  
Sari Mäkimattila ◽  
Alessandra Bertoldo ◽  
Susan Weintraub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lumped Constant ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Forearm Vein

The lumped constant (LC) is used to convert the clearance rate of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DGcr) to that of glucose (Glccr). There are currently no data to validate the widely used assumption of an LC of 1.0 for human skeletal muscle. We determined the LC for 2-deoxy-[1-14C]glucose (2-DG) in 18 normal male subjects (age, 29 ± 2 yr; body mass index, 24.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2) after an overnight fast and during physiological (1 mU · kg−1· min−1insulin infusion for 180 min) and supraphysiological (5 mU · kg−1· min−1insulin infusion for 180 min) hyperinsulinemic conditions. Normoglycemia was maintained with the euglycemic clamp technique. The LC was measured directly with the use of a novel triple tracer-based method. [3-3H]glucose, 2-[1-14C]DG, and [12C]mannitol (Man) were injected as a bolus into the brachial artery. The concentrations of [3-3H]glucose and 2-[1-14C]DG (dpm/ml plasma) and of Man (μmol/l) were determined in 50 blood samples withdrawn from the ipsilateral deep forearm vein over 15 min after the bolus injection. The LC was calculated by a formula involving blood flow calculated from Man and the Glccrand 2-DGcr. The LC averaged 1.26 ± 0.08 (range 1.06–1.43), 1.15 ± 0.05 (0.99–1.39), and 1.18 ± 0.05 (0.97–1.37) under fasting conditions and during the 1 and 5 mU · kg−1· min−1insulin infusions (not significant between the different insulin concentrations, mean LC = 1.2, P < 0.01 vs. 1.0). We conclude that, in normal subjects, the LC for 2-DG in human skeletal muscle is constant over a wide range of insulin concentrations and averages 1.2.

Response of normal subjects to prolonged high fluid intake

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel F. Habener ◽  
Alfred M. Dashe ◽  
David H. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Serum Osmolality ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
High Fluid ◽  
Renal Concentrating Capacity ◽  
Male Subjects

In order to test the hypothesis that the great variability seen in the serum osmolality characteristic of different normal persons is a result of fluid intake habits, four healthy male subjects ingested increasing amounts of fluid over a 4-week period reaching an average daily intake of approximately 8.5 liters during the 4th week. Serum osmolality measured repeatedly in the early morning and during weekly 6.5-hr water-deprivation tests did not vary significantly from that of control periods. It is concluded that in normal individuals fluid intake does not influence the “setting” of serum solute concentration. serum osmolality homeostasis; serum solute concentration in water loading; water intoxication; renal concentrating capacity; fluid balance; water regulatory mechanisms Submitted on June 25, 1963

Bronchial Sympathetic Activity in Chronic Bronchitis

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Astin
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Chest Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alpha Receptors ◽  
Airways Resistance ◽  
Propranolol Administration ◽  
Made In

1. Measurements of airways resistance and lung volume were made in sixteen patients with chronic bronchitis and ten patients without chest disease before and after intravenous propranolol administration. 2. The airways resistance of the patients with chronic bronchitis increased significantly after propranolol administration but in the control subjects there was no significant increase. 3. In the patients with chronic bronchitis the increases in airways resistance were greater when the initial values were high. 4. In seven of the patients with chronic bronchitis and seven further control subjects airways resistance was measured before and after intravenous thymoxamine administration. 5. The airways resistance of the normal subjects was unchanged by thymoxamine administration, but that of the patients with chronic bronchitis decreased significantly. 6. The results are consistent with the existence of bronchial alpha receptors in man. In patients with chronic bronchitis there are greater degrees of both alpha and beta bronchial sympathetic activity than in normal subjects. The greater the severity of the condition the greater is the degree of beta sympathetic activity. In considering the factors causing airways obstruction in chronic bronchitis sympathetic activity should be taken into account.

Preliminary Data on the Action of Nesosteine, a Mucomodifying Drug, on Mucociliary Transport

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Braga ◽  
R. Bossi ◽  
C. L. Castiglioni ◽  
S. Romandini ◽  
L. Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Acute Exacerbations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Frog Palate

Nesosteine, which is active on airway secretions, has been studied by assessment of the mucociliary clearance of the frog palate. Sputum was collected from patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with mucous expectoration. The relative speed of transport was measured for each patient before and after oral administration of 600mg/day nesosteine. A significant increase in the mucus transport rate was found at the end of treatment

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