scholarly journals Cognitive Flexibility for Semantic and Perceptual Information in Developmental Stuttering

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 3659-3679
Author(s):  
Julie D. Anderson ◽  
Stacy A. Wagovich ◽  
Levi Ofoe
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Perceptual Information ◽  
Perceptual Representation ◽  
Perceptual Categorization ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Developmental Stuttering

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive flexibility for semantic and perceptual information in preschool children who stutter (CWS) and who do not stutter (CWNS). Method Participants were 44 CWS and 44 CWNS between the ages of 3;0 and 5;11 (years;months). Cognitive flexibility was measured using semantic and perceptual categorization tasks. In each task, children were required to match a target object with two different semantic or perceptual associates. Main dependent variables were reaction time and accuracy. Results The accuracy with which CWS and CWNS shifted between one semantic and perceptual representation to another was similar, but the CWS did so significantly more slowly. Both groups of children had more difficulty switching between perceptual representations than semantic ones. Conclusion CWS are less efficient (slower), though not less accurate, than CWNS in their ability to switch between different representations in both the verbal and nonverbal domains.

Direct Realism and Illusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Maloney
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Direct Realism ◽  
Perceptual Representation ◽  
Perceptual Error ◽  
Standard Response ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli ◽  
Physical Objects ◽  
Apparent Problem

The supposed problem of perceptual error, including illusion and hallucination, has led most theories of perception to deny formulations of direct realism. The standard response to this apparent problem adopts the mistaken presupposition that perception is indeed liable to error. However, the prevailing conditions of observation are themselves elements of perceptual representation, functioning in the manner of predicate modifiers. They ensure that the predicates applied in perceptual representations do indeed correctly attribute properties that perceived physical objects actually instantiate. Thus, perceptual representations are immune to misrepresentation of the sort misguidedly supposed by the spurious problem of perceptual misrepresentation. Granted the possibility that perceptual attribution admits of predicate modification, it is quite possible that perceptual experience permits both rudimentary and sophisticated conceptualization. Moreover, such treatment of perceptual predication rewards by providing an account of aspect alteration exemplified by perception of ambiguous stimuli.

Cognitive flexibility in preschool children with and without stuttering disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Eichorn ◽  
Klara Marton ◽  
Steven Pirutinsky
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility

Image and Perceptual Representation of Words in Learning Disabled and Normal Children

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. McCoy ◽  
Robert J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Mode Interaction ◽  
Perceptual Representation ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Processing Mode ◽  
Perceptual Representations

Results of the present study indicated that learning disabled and normal children (x age = 111.4 months) process letters in words in either perceptual or imaginal modes for the attribute letter height. A large processing time effect was noted for mode of representation with perceptual representations of letters processed more rapidly than imaginal representations. There was also a subject-type-by-processing mode interaction. The results indicate that LD and normal children do not differ in perceptual processing time; however, LD children have a smaller image capacity than normals. Correlational results also suggest that the imaginal mode is more independent of other modes for normals than for LDs.

The Effect of Learned Perceptual Associations on Visuomotor Programming Varies with Kinematic Demands

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Haffenden ◽  
Melvyn A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Perceptual Information ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Large Circle ◽  
Object Shape ◽  
Size Information ◽  
Demand Changes ◽  
Finger Posture ◽  
Shape And Size

The present set of experiments investigated the possibility that learned perceptual information can, under certain circumstances, be utilized by visuomotor programming. In Experiment 1 (N = 28), an association was established between the color and size of square wooden blocks (e.g., red = large; yellow = small, or vice-versa). In Experiment 2 (N = 28), an association was established between the shape and size of plastic objects (e.g., hexagon = large; circle = small, or vice-versa). It was expected that the learned associations would change the perceived size of two probe objects halfway in size between the large and small objects (the probe object matched by color or shape to the large group of objects would appear smaller than the probe object matched to the small group of objects as a result of within-group relative size comparisons). In both experiments, half of the participants grasped the target objects, and the other half estimated the size of the objects by opening their thumb and finger a matching amount. For Experiment 1, it was predicted that an influence of the lérned association on the treatment of the probe objects would be seen in manual estimations and in grip scaling because the kinematics of the grasping movement were very similar across trials. As predicted, the learned association between size and color was as easily incorporated into visually guided grasping as it was into visual perceptions. In Experiment 2, it was predicted that an influence of the learned perceptual association would be seen only in manual estimations, and not in grip scaling, because the variability in target object shape from trial to trial would demand changes in precontact finger posture across trials. Despite the significant effect of the size-shape association on size estimations, no influence was seen in preparatory grip scaling, probably because varying shape increased the metrical demands on visuomotor programming from those in Experiment 1. Together, the results suggest that visuomotor programming can make use of learned size information under some, but not all, conditions.

scholarly journals The association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyan Li ◽  
Tang Zhou ◽  
Menghao Sang ◽  
Yanhua Lu ◽  
Jiajia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

Abstract Background Inhibitory control develops rapidly during the preschool stage, and development of inhibitory control in this period is significant for the healthy growth of the future. However, most studies paid more attention to children and adolescents in recent years, but less focus on preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children. Methods This study was a cross-sectional study, 128 preschool children in Yangpu District of Shanghai were recruited by convenient sampling. The health-related physical fitness T-score (HPFT) was obtained by adding standard scores of six indicators: body mass index, handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-leg balance, 2×10m shuttle run test, and 20m shuttle run test. Inhibitory control was assessed using the flanker task and reflected by reaction time and accuracy. Results A total of 120 preschoolers were included in the final statistical analysis. After adjusting the confounders, HPFT was associated with reaction time (β=-2.49ms, 95%CI: -4.22, -0.75). Similarly, a negative association was observed between one-leg balance and reaction time (β=-12.04ms, 95%CI: -18.94, -5.15), and between 20m shuttle run and reaction time (β=-23.28ms, 95%CI: -37.00, -9.56). Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile, HPFT (β=-158.74, 95%CI: -309.63, -7.84), one-leg balance(β=-267.25ms, 95%CI: -420.71, -113.79) and 20m shuttle run (β=-215.58ms, 95%CI: -374.67, -56.49) were all negatively associated with reaction time of those in the highest tertile. Conclusion In addition, there was a non-linear relationship between HPFT and reaction time (β=-3.46ms,95%CI: -5.39, -1.53) when HPFT > 249. In conclusion, in order to improve the inhibitory control, it’s suggested that HPFT of preschoolers should be at least 249.

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