Translating authorial presence

Of increasing interest in cross-linguistic variation in academic discourse is the way in which writers use first-person pronouns (FPPs) to promote their agency. While research has shown that language specific socio-cultural, rhetorical and lexico-grammatical factors impact levels of self-concealment vs. self-promotion, less attention has been paid to the ways in which translated texts are sensitive to these discoursal traditions. We address this gap by analyzing frequency, rhetorical use, and grammatical form of FPPs in a corpus of research article (RA) abstracts in biology written by Russian and international researchers in two peer-reviewed bilingual journals. Three subcorpora were analyzed: (i) L1 Russian abstracts; (ii) the same abstracts translated into English; (iii) abstracts by international biologists in English from the same journals. The FPP tokens were identified and their frequency, rhetorical use, and forms were compared. The results show significant differences between the corpora which supports previous findings on cross-cultural variation in authorial presence in research genres. The results also suggest that the translation not only transfers L1 linguistic code but also adds a stronger emphasis on author agency. Implications for translating RAs into English as an exercise in linguistic, cognitive, and pragmatic equivalence as well as for accommodating discourse conventions of English as a lingua franca of science are explored.

What’s new, Scooby Doo? Observații asupra dinamicii lexicului și a structurii gramaticale românești în subtitrarea desenelor animate

An examination of the vocabulary and the current Romanian grammatical structure in the subtitling of recent cartoons identifies specific issues regarding grammatical, semantic, lexical creations, especially some extremely productive prefixes which circulate from one register of the language to another, according to the principle of communicating vessels. By analyzing the language on social networks and television channels, one can see how the same word, prefix or structure migrates from its specific area in that of everyday speech. One could transfer Pascal’s principle from physics into language sciences and re-define it as the pressure of language use transmitted from one area of the language to another, manifested in the whole mass of speakers and in all directions. A wrong word or an aberrant grammatical form approaches the verge of imposing itself when the pressure of language use pushes it into areas other than those of its specific use.

Modeling hypotactic structure for Chinese-English neural machine translation of complex sentences

The hypotactic structural relation between clauses plays an important role in improving the discourse coherence of document-level translation. However, the standard neural machine translation (NMT) models do not explicitly model the hypotactic relationship between clauses, which usually leads to structurally incorrect translations of long and complex sentences. This problem is particularly noticeable on Chinese-to-English translation task of complex sentences due to the grammatical form distinction between English and Chinese. English is rich in grammatical form (e.g. verb morphological changes and subordinating conjunctions) while Chinese is poor in grammatical form. These linguistic phenomena make it a challenge for NMT to learn the hypotactic structure knowledge from Chinese as well as the structure alignment between Chinese and English. To address these issues, we propose to model the hypotactic structure for Chinese-to-English complex sentence translation by introducing hypotactic structure knowledge. Specifically, we annotate and build a hypotactic structure aligned parallel corpus that provides rich hypotactic structure knowledge for NMT. Moreover, we further propose a structure-infused neural framework to combine the hypotactic structure knowledge with the NMT model through two integrating strategies. In particular, we introduce a specific structure-aware loss to encourage the NMT model to better learn the structure knowledge. Experimental results on WMT17, WMT18 and WMT19 Chinese-to-English translation tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

STRUCTURAL AND TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE AVAR LANGUAGE SENTENCE

The article examines the relationship between the semantics of a sentence and its grammatical structure. The complexity of the research is due to the following factors: 1) the lack of own research methods for the grammat-ical structure of the sentence; 2) the absence of more or less fully explicated concepts and terms for the study of the semantics of the sentence. In the Dagestan languages of the ergative typology, such structural types of sentences are presented, which differ both in terms of content and in terms of grammatical design of this content. The peculiarities of the syntactic structure of the language of the Dagestan languages cannot be investigated without establishing the regular connections that exist between the structural types of the sentence and the logical content of the sentence, on the one hand, and between the semantics of the sentence and a special grammatical form of representation of this content, on the other hand.

A comparative analysis of the expressions of giving and receiving in the tatar and japanese languages

Comparing two languages may lead to the results, which would help to understand both of the languages being under the analysis deeper, and it may be helpful to see the language from a new side. The results which are achieved by the comparative method, showing common features of the languages being compared, make the process of studying a foreign language easier. As the Tatar speaking audience does not commonly study Japanese language, studying it through the mother language may make the process of studying and acquisition less difficult. Being the representatives of agglutinative languages, the Tatar and the Japanese have common features that have to be studied by the comparative linguistics. This article deals with the constructions, which consist of verbal adverb and modal verb in Tatar and Japanese languages whose meaning is to give/to receive. Such constructions are analyzed and compared in terms of their grammatical form, semantics and considered through the lens of cultural linguistics.

Defining Aspects of the Logical Subject into the Sentence

Although linguistics, the science of language, has reached a high level of development, anyway in syntax there are still many unsolved problems. A very important problem is the one that identifies the parts of the sentences. Therefore, because of inconsistent application of principles, at the analysis of language acts, at the syntactic level, sometimes the extreme structural-grammatical formalism is reached, which, as a result, superimpose parts of sentences over parts of speech, the criterion which conducts to a morphological interpretation of syntax. Such a syntactical analysis is useless, because it makes impossible the real identification of text ideas. Grammarians, situated on morphological positions in syntax, are launching different methodological versions this way. One of them would be that the grammar case form is decisive for identification of the parts of sentences. Such a method is less applicable in Romanian, because at the same grammatical form of the case we have several syntactic functions and at the same function - several forms. In this study the author tries to analyze these morphological and syntactic aspects by demonstration, referring, in particular, to the semantic-syntactic status of the logical subject in the sentence.

The Grammatical Form of Content and Functions Words in Chinese Textbook for Indonesian Students

With the rapid of China‘s society development, chinese content and function words had their own development in static and dynamic form in grammatical form. Indonesian students have to know well about the functions and characteristics of Chinese content and function words in order to learn and used Chinese words. This research used qualitative method and the category based on Modern Chinese Dictionary (现代汉语词典Xiandai Hanyu Cidian) to categorize the vocabularies in Contemporary Chinese textbook. The results showed that 46% of content words were nouns, 26% were verbs, and 13% were adjectives. The content words in Contemporary Chinese textbook include six parts of speech in the category of content words were nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, measure words and pronouns. The function words in these content words were categorized into four of six parts, there were adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words. There were no exclamation words, onomatopoetic words in the textbook. 42% of function words were adverbs, 17% conjunction words, 13% were prepositions, and some function words category had unique characteristics, such as the adverb ―把ba and―离li, the auxiliary words (―的de，―得de，―地de).

On medium valence in the uzbek language

This work examines the types of valence in the Uzbek language. The verb - predicate, on the basis of its valence, at the request of communication, accepts its actants, realizing the semes that make up its semantics. An actant of a certain valency is considered a specific member of the sentence. Thus, valency is the intersection of grammar and vocabulary, syntax and semantics. It is for this reason that it is considered from two points of view, studied by dividing it into two types: semantic valence and syntactic valence. But in the Uzbek language there are other types of valence, for the Uzbek language, being an agglutinative language, like other Turkic languages, has a peculiar structure and semantics. Key words: valency, semantics, compatibility, actant, predicate, sentence model, semantic valency, syntactic valency, valency of the grammatical form of a word, mediated valence

GENDER AND LANGUAGE IN THE LABOUR MARKET: ANALYSIS OF JOB ADVERTISEMENTS IN SLOVENIA BETWEEN 1958 AND 2018

The present article explores the use of grammatical forms in job advertisements published over the past 60 years (1958, 1978, 1998 and 2018). A historical examination of the use of gender forms in employment is based on analysis of job advertisements published in the Slovenian language, and the particular socioeconomic context. The results show that the frequency of use of the masculine, feminine and neutral forms has not drastically altered over the decades. In general, feminine and neutral forms were used less frequently, and the masculine grammatical form consistently dominates. In 2018, the latter was seemingly ‘neutralised’ by adding the abbreviation M/F

Meaning Relationship of the Verb Hope and Wish in English

This research is qualitative which aims to describe grammatical form of wish and hope, to classify elements of wish and hope sentences, and to analyse meaning of both words based on meaning tendency of grammatical form and elements. This research uses British National Corpus as data source, then the data are presented informally. This research shows that hope and wish have the same 5 grammatical forms, but hope and wish cannot be used interchangeable for having different tendency. Hope and wish can be synonymous conceptually, but characteristically they cannot be (real-unreal, and desired-wanted).