Factors Underlying Tongue Articulation in Speech

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Keller
Keyword(s):  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Canonical Correlations ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Onset Delay ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Interarticulatory Coordination

A factor analysis of 11 measures of lingual activity involved in the production of the syllable /ka/ showed that three factors can explain about 75% of the variance in the data. Measures of displacement and velocity loaded strongly on the first factor, durational measures loaded strongly on the second factor, and midsyllable durational and distance measures loaded on the third factor. This three-factor solution emerged from each of four conditions involving manipulations of speed of delivery and linguistic context. Canonical correlations showed that the best of four linear additive models involving 3 of the 11 variables was able to explain 45% of the variance in the remaining 8 variables. The three best predictor variables were (a) descending movement displacement, (b) linguo laryngeal movement onset delay, and (c) time to peak velocity for the ascending movement. It is argued that these variables represent the speech system's control over the articulatory distinction of different sounds, interarticulatory coordination, and, perhaps, rhythm adjustment, and that the first two factors correspond to central variables of breakdown in Broca's aphasia.

scholarly journals P802 Delayed time to peak left ventricular outflow tract velocity is associated with symptomatic status in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Huurman ◽  
A Schinkel ◽  
D Bowen ◽  
A Hirsch ◽  
M Michels
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽  
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Outflow Tract ◽  
Ejection Time ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Left Ventricular Outflow

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None. The presence and magnitude of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) patients is weakly associated with presence of symptoms. The factors underlying this are not well understood. We hypothesize that time to peak velocity (TPV) of LVOT flow is associated with symptomatic status. We included 136 HOCM patients (58% men, mean age 55 ± 14 years) with peak gradients ≥30 mmHg at rest or during Valsalva without aortic valve stenosis. At rest and during Valsalva, continuous wave Doppler tracings from 3 consecutive beats were used to assess peak velocity (PV), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and TPV, which was defined as the time interval between the onset of flow over the LVOT and the moment of PV. Differences were compared between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients (defined as New York Heart Association class I vs. II-IV). The relation between symptom status and TPV was investigated using logistic regression models. A random sample of 20 patients was examined by 2 observers and reproducibility was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Symptomatic patients were more often female (table) and had significantly higher mean TPV values (figure). In multivariable logistic regression models, TPV was an independent predictor of symptomatic status after correction for PV, LVOT diameter, heart rate and age (odds ratio 1.02 per 1 ms, p < 0.001). The ICC was 0.99 with a mean difference of 0.28 ± 8.5 ms. Delayed TPV is associated with symptomatic status in HOCM patients, after adjustment for heart rate, peak velocity, LVOT diameter and age, and is an easily measured echocardiographic variable with excellent inter-reader reproducibility. The clinical implications of delayed TPV, particularly in the context risk prediction and clinical decision making, remain to be determined. Characteristics per group Asymptomatic HOCM patients n = 47 Symptomatic HOCM patients n = 89 p value Age, y 55 ± 14 55 ± 14 0.99 Male gender 34 (72%) 45 (51%) 0.01 Body mass index, kg/m² 27 ± 5 28 ± 5 0.08 Left atrial diameter, mm 46 ± 7 47 ± 7 0.64 Septal wall thickness, mm 18 ± 4 19 ± 5 0.58 LV outflow tract diameter, mm 22 ± 3 21 ± 3 0.001 Peak velocity, cm/s 403 ± 86 434 ± 79 0.03 LV ejection time, ms 316 ± 44 340 ± 42 0.002 Time to peak velocity, ms 157 ± 32 178 ± 32 <0.001 HOCM = hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, LV = left ventricular. Abstract P802 Figure. Time to peak velocity per NYHA class

scholarly journals Developmental Differences in the Prospective Organisation of Goal-Directed Movement Between Children with Autism and Typically Developing Children: A Smart Tablet Serious Game Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wei Chua ◽  
Szu-Ching Lu ◽  
Anna Anzulewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Sobota ◽  
Christos Tachtatzis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Serious Game ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Movement Unit

Movement is prospective. It structures self-generated engagement with objects and social partners and is fundamental to children’s learning and development. In autistic children, previous reports of differences in movement kinematics compared to neurotypical peers suggest its prospective organisation might be disrupted. Here, we employed a smart tablet serious game paradigm to assess differences in the feedforward and feedback mechanisms of prospective action organisation, between autistic and neurotypical preschool children. We analysed 3926 goal-directed finger movements made during smart-tablet ecological gameplay, from 28 children with Childhood Autism (ICD-10; ASD) and 43 neurotypical children (TD), aged 3-6 years old. Using linear and generalised linear mixed-effect models, we found the ASD group executed movements with longer Movement Time (MT) and Time to Peak Velocity (TTPV), lower Peak Velocity (PV), with peak velocity less likely to occur in the first movement unit, and with a greater number of Movement Units After Peak Velocity (MU-APV). Interestingly, compared to the TD group, the ASD group showed smaller increases in PV, TTPV and MT with an increase in Age (ASD x Age interaction), together with a smaller reduction in MU-APV and an increase in MU-APV at shorter target distances (ASD x Dist interaction). Our results are the first to highlight different developmental trends in anticipatory feedforward and compensatory feedback mechanisms of control, contributing to differences in movement kinematics observed between autistic and neurotypical children. These findings point to differences in integration of prospective perceptuomotor information, with implications for embodied cognition and learning from self-generated action in autism.

scholarly journals Correlation between temporal-spatial parameters and manual ability of adults with dyskinetic cerebral palsy

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
Mariana Cunha Artilheiro ◽  
Danielli Souza Speciali ◽  
Bárbara Alves Lopes ◽  
João Carlos Ferrari Correa ◽  
Paulo Roberto Garcia Lucareli
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Spatial Variables ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Spatial Parameters ◽  
Manual Ability Classification System

The aim of this study was to verify relation between kinematic variables of temporal-spatial parameters and manual ability and between own temporal-spatial variables during the movement of bring a mug to the mouth in adults with dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP). Sixteen adults with DCP were evaluated by MACS (Manual Ability Classification System), and by temporal-spatial variables of tridimensional kinematics of the movement to bring a bug to the mouth by means of 9 cameras infra-red Vicon(r) MX 40 (Oxford Metrics Group, Oxford, UK). The Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) was used to correlate variables. As a result, we found weak correlation between the classification of manual ability and the adjusting phase (ρ=0.219), the velocity variables - average velocity (ρ=-0.313), peak velocity (ρ=-0.282) and time to peak velocity (ρ=-0.250). No correlation was found between the variables going and returning phase and MACS. Moderate correlation was found between going and returning phase (ρ=0.559), between the going phase and time to peak velocity (ρ=0.518) and between the adjusting phase and peak velocity (ρ=-0.562). A strong correlation was found between the mean velocity and peak velocity (ρ=0.947) and between the adjusting phase and average velocity (ρ=-0.635). In conclusion, functional impairment may be related to longer adjusting phase and decrease of movement speed in subjects with PCD. Kinematic variables were related to each other in moderate and strong way and indicated that the phases runtime influences the movement speed.

Kinetic and Frequency-Domain Properties of Reflex and Conditioned Eyelid Responses in the Rabbit

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 836-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Gruart ◽  
Bernard G. Schreurs ◽  
Eduardo Domínguez del Toro ◽  
JoséMaría Delgado-García
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Neural Oscillator ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Reflex Blinks

Eyelid position and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle were recorded unilaterally in rabbits during reflex and conditioned blinks. Air-puff–evoked blinks consisted of a fast downward phase followed sometimes by successive downward sags. The reopening phase had a much longer duration and slower peak velocity. Onset latency, maximum amplitude, peak velocity, and rise time of reflex blinks depended on the intensity and duration of the air puff–evoking stimulus. A flashlight focused on the eye also evoked reflex blinks, but not flashes of light, or tones. Both delayed and trace classical conditioning paradigms were used. For delayed conditioning, animals were presented with a 350-ms, 90-dB, 600-Hz tone, as conditioned stimulus (CS). For trace conditioning, animals were presented with a 10-ms, 1-k/cm2 air puff, as CS. The unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of a 100-ms, 3-k/cm2 air puff. The stimulus interval between CS and US onsets was 250 ms. Conditioned responses (CRs) to tones were composed of downward sags that increased in number through the successive conditioning sessions. The onset latency of the CR decreased across conditioning at the same time as its maximum amplitude and its peak velocity increased, but the time-to-peak of the CR remained unaltered. The topography of CRs evoked by short, weak air puffs as the CS showed three different components: the alpha response to the CS, the CR, and the reflex response to the US. Through conditioning, CRs showed a decrease in onset latency, and an increase in maximum amplitude and peak velocity. The time-to-peak of the CR remained unchanged. A power spectrum analysis of reflex and conditioned blink acceleration profiles showed a significant ≈8-Hz oscillation within a broadband of frequencies between 4 and 15 Hz. Nose and mandible movements presented power spectrum profiles different from those characterizing reflex and conditioned blinks. It is concluded that eyelid reflex responses in the rabbit present significant differences from CRs in their profiles and metric properties, suggesting different neural origins, but that a common ≈8-Hz neural oscillator underlies lid motor performance. According to available data, the frequency of this putative oscillator seems to be related to the species size.

scholarly journals Delayed Time to Peak Velocity Is Useful for Detecting Severe Aortic Stenosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Kamimura ◽  
Sartaj Hans ◽  
Takeki Suzuki ◽  
Ervin R. Fox ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Severe Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Delayed Time

scholarly journals Kinematic Changes in the Uninjured Limb After a Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidiane Souza ◽  
Luiggi Lustosa ◽  
Ana Elisa Lemos Silva ◽  
José Vicente Martins ◽  
Thierry Pozzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Brachial Plexus Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Time To Peak

Background: Traumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) typically causes sensory, motor and autonomic deficits of the affected upper limb. Recent studies have suggested that a unilateral TBPI can also affect the cortical representations associated to the uninjured limb.Objective: To investigate the kinematic features of the uninjured upper limb in participants with TBPI.Methods: Eleven participants with unilateral TBPI and twelve healthy controls matched in gender, age and anthropometric characteristics were recruited. Kinematic parameters collected from the index finger marker were measured while participants performed a free-endpoint whole-body reaching task and a cup-to-mouth task with the uninjured upper limb in a standing position.Results: For the whole-body reaching task, lower time to peak velocity (p = 0.01), lower peak of velocity (p = 0.003), greater movement duration (p = 0.04) and shorter trajectory length (p = 0.01) were observed in the TBPI group compared to the control group. For the cup-to-mouth task, only a lower time to peak velocity was found for the TBPI group compared to the control group (p = 0.02). Interestingly, no differences between groups were observed for the finger endpoint height parameter in either of the tasks. Taken together, these results suggest that TBPI leads to a higher cost for motor planning when it comes to movements of the uninjured limb as compared to healthy participants. This cost is even higher in a task with a greater postural balance challenge.Conclusion: This study expands the current knowledge on bilateral sensorimotor alterations after unilateral TBPI and should guide rehabilitation after a peripheral injury.

scholarly journals Eating Quality of `Gala' and `Fuji' Apples from Multiple Harvests and Storage Durations

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Plotto ◽  
Anita N. Azarenko ◽  
Mina R. McDaniel ◽  
Patrick W. Crockett ◽  
James P. Mattheis
Keyword(s):  
Eating Quality ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Canonical Correlations ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
Flavor Intensity ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
And Storage

Eating quality of `Gala' and `Fuji' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from multiple harvests and storage durations was assessed using an untrained consumer panel. Apples were harvested at weekly intervals for 6 weeks and stored in air. Changes due to harvest maturity and storage for overall liking (OL), sweetness, tartness, firmness, and flavor intensity were evaluated over 8 months. A multivariate factor analysis revealed multicollinearity for OL, sweetness, and flavor intensity ratings in both cultivars. These attributes had the highest loadings in the first factor, explaining 51% and 52% of the variance of `Gala' and `Fuji' data sets, respectively, and were interpreted as a quality factor. Tartness and firmness had the highest loadings in the second factor for `Gala', explaining an additional 23% of the variability and reducing that cultivar's data set to two factors. For `Fuji', however, tartness and firmness were independent and included in factors 2 and 3, respectively. Factors 2 and 3 were interpreted as maturity factors, which explained 23% and 12% of the variance. The plots of the mean factor scores provided a multivariate technique to illustrate that panelists could differentiate between the stages of maturity of apples. Canonical correlations were calculated between the sensory and instrumental data. Only firmness measurements were correlated with sensory ratings for firmness (r = 0.53 and 0.44 for `Gala' and `Fuji', respectively).

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