scholarly journals Dialectal Forms During Discourse of Poor, Urban, African American Preschoolers

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Washington ◽  
Holly K. Craig
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Children ◽  
African American Boys ◽  
American Children

This study describes nonstandard syntactic and morphological forms used by 45 poor, urban, 4- to 5.5-year-old African American boys and girls. Distributional analyses revealed three subgroups distinguished by the percentage frequencies of occurrence of utterances containing specific forms, and by the predominant types used by each group. Implications for characterizing the linguistic productions of young African American children are discussed.

The Influence of Self-Esteem on Smoking among African-American School Children

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan L. Crump ◽  
Marsha Lillie-Blanton ◽  
James C. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
School Children ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
African American Children ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
African American Boys ◽  
American School ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
American Children

This study provides some evidence, although not very strong, that self-esteem is associated with the likelihood of smoking among African-American children. In a sample of 1,256 children, those with lowest levels of self-esteem were twice as likely to have ever smoked as those with highest level of self-esteem (95% C.I. = 1.10–7.78). Girls, more so than boys, have an increased risk of smoking at the lowest level of self-esteem. Girls with the lowest level of self-esteem were 2.8 times (95% C.I. = 3.85–16.59) as likely to have smoked when compared to girls with higher self-esteem. The findings suggest preventive interventions that seek to build self-esteem may reduce the likelihood of smoking among girls, although perhaps only modestly. Further study is needed to identify potentially effective methods for reducing the likelihood of smoking among African-American boys.

scholarly journals Average C-Unit Lengths in the Discourse of African American Children From Low-Income, Urban Homes

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly K. Craig ◽  
Julie A. Washington ◽  
Connie Thompson-Porter
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
African American Children ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
African American Boys ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
American Children

This investigation reports average length of communication units (C-nits) in words and in morphemes for 95 4- to 6 1/2-year-old African American boys and girls from lower-income homes in metropolitan Detroit. Mean C-units increased across the age span of this sample, and kindergartners produced significantly longer C-units than preschoolers. The syntactic complexity of the children's language samples correlated positively with increases in C-unit length, and regression analyses revealed that syntactic complexity was the best predictor of mean C-unit length. Children with longer average C-unit lengths produced greater frequencies of all types of syntactic complexity. Their language samples were distinguished from children with shorter mean C-unit lengths by clauses linked with coordinate and subordinate conjunctions. The findings indicate that average C-unit length will be useful as a quantitative index of linguistic growth in research designs focusing on young school-age African American children living in poverty.

scholarly journals Performances of Young African American Children on Two Comprehension Tasks

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly K. Craig ◽  
Julie A. Washington ◽  
Connie Thompson-Porter
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
African American Children ◽  
African American Boys ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Passive Sentence ◽  
American Children

This investigation examines the performances of 63 urban 4-to 7-year-old African American children from middle-income homes on two tasks designed to assess the development of comprehension skills. Performances on a task designed to elicit responses to wh-questions, and another to distinctions between active and passive sentence constructions, revealed grade effects and a positive relationship to age. The findings are discussed in terms of the appropriateness of using tasks of these types with young African American boys and girls who are dialect users.

Final Consonant Deletion in African American Children Speaking Black English

1993 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Moran
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black English ◽  
African American Children ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Minimal Pairs ◽  
Speech Evaluation ◽  
American Children

The purpose of this study was to determine whether African American children who delete final consonants mark the presence of those consonants in a manner that might be overlooked in a typical speech evaluation. Using elicited sentences from 10 African American children from 4 to 9 years of age, two studies were conducted. First, vowel length was determined for minimal pairs in which final consonants were deleted. Second, listeners who identified final consonant deletions in the speech of the children were provided training in narrow transcription and reviewed the elicited sentences a second time. Results indicated that the children produced longer vowels preceding "deleted" voiced final consonants, and listeners perceived fewer deletions following training in narrow transcription. The results suggest that these children had knowledge of the final consonants perceived to be deleted. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed.

scholarly journals Novel genetic risk factors for asthma in African American children: Precision Medicine and the SAGE II Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marquitta J. White ◽  
O. Risse-Adams ◽  
P. Goddard ◽  
M. G. Contreras ◽  
J. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
African American ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
African American Children ◽  
American Children
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