Comparative stem-growth rates of Mediterranean trees under background and naturally enhanced ambient CO2 concentrations

The objective of this study was to observe the effects of brassinosteroid, gibberelin, and auxin application on the development and foliar anatomy of Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. seedlings. T. alba seedlings were grown in plastic bags with fertilized soil and treated with the following: 1- water (control); 2- brassinolide (BR1) 0.104 mM; 3- BR1 0.208 mM; 4- 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) 0.2854 mM; 5- IAA 0.5708 mM; 6- GA3 (gibberellin A3) 0.1443 mM; 7- GA3 0.2887 mM; 8- GA3 0.072 mM + IAA 0.1427 mM; 9- GA3 0.1443 mM + IAA 0.2854 mM; 10- GA3 0.072 mM + BR1 0.052 mM; and 11- GA3 0.1443 mM + BR1 0.104 mM. Plant height and petiole length were measured before the treatments and 21 days after application of the growth regulators. These data allowed the calculation of stem and petiole growth rates. The results showed that GA3 + brassinolide produced the highest stem and petiole growth rates and brassinolide application stimulated petiole growth but not stem growth. The anatomical study of leaves showed alterations in blade and petiole thickness, palisade and spongy parenchyma height, and epidermis cells.

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Growth Rates of Lymantria dispar Larvae and Quercus robur Seedlings at Elevated CO2 Concentration and Phytophthora plurivora Infection

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11101059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Slobodan Milanović ◽

Ivan Milenković ◽

Jovan Dobrosavljević ◽

Marija Popović ◽

Alejandro Solla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Lymantria Dispar ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Quercus Robur ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Root Pathogen ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Elevated Co2 Concentration ◽

Relative Growth Rates ◽

Ambient Co2

Interactions between plants, insects and pathogens are complex and not sufficiently understood in the context of climate change. In this study, the impact of a root pathogen on a leaf-eating insect hosted by a tree species at elevated CO2 concentration is reported for the first time. The combined and isolated effects of CO2 and infection by the root pathogen Phytophthora plurivora on English oak (Quercus robur) seedlings were used to assess growth rates of plants and of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae. For this purpose, two Q. robur provenances (Belgrade and Sombor) were used. At ambient CO2 concentration, the relative growth rates of larvae consuming leaves of plants infected by P. plurivora was higher than those consuming non-infected plants. However, at elevated CO2 concentration (1000 ppm) higher relative growth rates were detected in the larvae consuming the leaves of non-infected plants. At ambient CO2 concentration, lower growth rates were recorded in L. dispar larvae hosted in Q. robur from Belgrade in comparison to larvae hosted in Q. robur from Sombor. However, at elevated CO2 concentration, similar growth rates irrespective of the provenance were observed. Defoliation by the gypsy moth did not influence the growth of plants while P. plurivora infection significantly reduced tree height in seedlings from Belgrade. The results confirm that a rise of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere modifies the existing interactions between P. plurivora, Q. robur, and L. dispar. Moreover, the influence of the tree provenances on both herbivore and plant performance at elevated CO2 concentrations suggests a potential for increasing forest resilience through breeding.

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Atmospheric CO2 and the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations in plants

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/15.2.105 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 105-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 192

Author(s):

J. R. Ehleringer ◽

T. E. Cerling

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Co2 ◽

Co2 Concentrations ◽

Ambient Co2

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Stem density and growth of Attalea maripa and Astrocaryum aculeatum: implication for arborescent palms distribution across Amazonian forests

Biota Neotropica ◽

10.1590/s1676-06032004000100003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rodolfo Salm

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Stem Density ◽

Laboratory Measurements ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Astrocaryum Aculeatum ◽

Amazonian Forests

This study examines aspects of the stem density and growth of two large arborescent palms Attalea maripa and Astrocaryum aculeatum and discusses their implication for the palm trees distribution in Amazonia. Stem density and growth were investigated through both laboratory measurements and field estimates of growth rates. The densities of stem samples collected within one individual of each studied species were very distinct. The samples of A. maripa stem were more homogeneous in density than those of A. aculeatum, both from the internal to the external, and from the lower to the upper parts of the stem. Field estimates of stem growth rates revealed that A. maripa growth is also more constant through development in height. Short A. aculeatum palms had faster growth rates than A. maripa, as they get taller, stem growth rates are reduced and approach A. maripa rates. The implications for arborescent palms distribution across Amazonian forests are discussed.

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Detecting the fingerprint of drought across Europe’s forests: do carbon isotope ratios and stem growth rates tell similar stories?

Forest Ecosystems ◽

10.1186/s40663-017-0111-1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tommaso Jucker ◽

Charlotte Grossiord ◽

Damien Bonal ◽

Olivier Bouriaud ◽

Arthur Gessler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Isotope ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Isotope Ratios ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Carbon Isotope Ratios

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Drought responses and their effects on radial stem growth of two co-occurring conifer species in the Mediterranean mountain range

Annals of Forest Science ◽

10.1007/s13595-020-01007-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Aylin Güney ◽

Roman Zweifel ◽

Semra Türkan ◽

Reiner Zimmermann ◽

Magnus Wachendorf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Deficit ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Growth Strategy ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Summer Drought ◽

Cedrus Libani ◽

Juniperus Excelsa ◽

Species Specific

Abstract Key message Patterns of stem radial variations showed thatCedrus libaniA. Rich. was less limited by summer drought than co-occurringJuniperus excelsaM. Bieb.Cedrus libanirecovered faster from tree water deficit and showed significantly higher radial growth rates and annual stem increments thanJ. excelsa. However, the ability ofJ. excelsato grow more hours per year may indicate a potential benefit in more extreme conditions. Context Knowledge about species-specific drought responses is needed to manage productive forests in drought prone areas. Under water shortage, trees commonly show stem shrinkage, which is assumed to inhibit growth. Aims We investigated whether the two co-existing conifers Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. and Cedrus libani A. Rich. (growing at the Taurus Mountains, SW-Turkey) show differences in water relations and stem growth in order to evaluate their respective drought tolerance. Methods Stem radius changes were hourly monitored over 2 years using high-resolution point dendrometers. Radial stem growth, tree water deficit-induced stem shrinkage, and maximum daily shrinkage were extracted from stem radius change measurements, investigated for their patterns, and related to environmental conditions. Results Cedrus libani recovered from tree water deficit under higher temperature and vapor pressure deficit than J. excelsa. The number of hours during which stem growth occurred was higher for J. excelsa; however, growth rates and annual increments were significantly lower than in C. libani. Both species showed highest maximum daily shrinkage during the driest months indicating the ability to maintain gas exchange all year round. Conclusion Juniperus excelsa showed a more conservative growth strategy while C. libani was less limited by summer drought and showed more annual stem increment under the conditions investigated.

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Resistance of a lowland rain forest to increasing drought intensity in Sabah, Borneo

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467404001750 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 613-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

D. M. Newbery ◽

M. Lingenfelder

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Rain Forest ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Lowland Rain Forest ◽

Drought Intensity ◽

Tree Survival ◽

Climatic Environment ◽

Absolute Growth

Occasional strong droughts are an important feature of the climatic environment of tropical rain forest in much of Borneo. This paper compares the response of a lowland dipterocarp forest at Danum, Sabah, in a period of low (LDI) and a period of high (HDI) drought intensity (1986–96, 9.98 y; 1996–99, 2.62 y). Mean annual drought intensity was two-fold higher in the HDI than LDI period (1997 v. 976 mm), and each period had one moderately strong main drought (viz. 1992, 1998). Mortality of ‘all’ trees ≥10 cm gbh (girth at breast height) and stem growth rates of ‘small’ trees 10–<50 cm gbh were measured in sixteen 0.16-ha subplots (half on ridge, half on lower slope sites) within two 4-ha plots. These 10–50-cm trees were composed largely of true understorey species. A new procedure was developed to correct for the effect of differences in length of census interval when comparing tree mortality rates. Mortality rates of small trees declined slightly but not significantly between the LDI and HDI periods (1.53 to 1.48% y−1): mortality of all trees showed a similar pattern. Relative growth rates declined significantly by 23% from LDI to HDI periods (11.1 to 8.6 mm m−1 y−1): for absolute growth rates the decrease was 28% (2.45 to 1.77 mm y−1). Neither mortality nor growth rates were significantly influenced by topography. For small trees, across subplots, absolute growth rate was positively correlated in the LDI period, but negatively correlated in the HDI period, with mortality rate. There was no consistent pattern in the responses among the 19 most abundant species (n≥50 trees) which included a proposed drought-tolerant guild. In terms of tree survival, the forest at Danum was resistant to increasing drought intensity, but showed decreased stem growth attributable to increasing water stress.

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Energy balance of a wheat canopy under elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth ◽

10.1016/s0079-1946(97)85573-5 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 131-134

Author(s):

K.F.A. Frumau ◽

H.F. Vugts

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Co2 Concentrations ◽

Ambient Co2

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Interactive Impacts of Temperature and Elevated CO2 on Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Root and Shoot Morphology and Growth

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7050112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 112

Author(s):

T. Casey Barickman ◽

Omolayo J. Olorunwa ◽

Akanksha Sehgal ◽

C. Hunt Walne ◽

K. Raja Reddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Temperature Stress ◽

High Temperature Stress ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Root Tips ◽

Adverse Impacts ◽

Co2 Concentrations ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Ambient Co2

Recent evidence suggests that the effects of temperature significantly affect the growth and development of basil plants with detrimental impacts on yield. The current research investigated the interactive effects of varying temperature and CO2 levels on the shoot and root morphology and growth of early and late-season basil plants. Basil plants were subjected to control (30/22 °C), low (20/12 °C), and high (38/30 °C) temperature under ambient (420 μL L−1) and elevated (720 μL L−1) CO2 concentrations. Decreasing the temperature to 20/12 °C caused more adverse effects on the morphological traits of the early-season basil. Relative to the control treatments, low- and high-temperature stresses decreased 71 and 14% in marketable fresh mass, respectively. Basil exhibited an increase in plant height, node and branch numbers, specific leaf area, anthocyanin and nitrogen balance index, root tips, and root crossings when subjected to high-temperature stress. Furthermore, elevated CO2 affected many morphological features compared to ambient CO2 concentrations. The findings of this study suggest that varying the growth temperature of basil plants would more significantly impact the shoot and root morphologies and growth rates of basil than increasing the CO2 concentrations, which ameliorated the adverse impacts of temperature stress.

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