Consumptive use pattern of mustard (Brassica Juncea L) under different soil and climatic environments

Mustard is an important cash crop in north India where it is widely grown under different climatic environment and soil types. In the present study, evapotranspiration and other agro-meteoralogical data for four agroclimatic locations, viz., Jorhat, Samakhunta, Raipur and Jodhpur have been utilized to understand consumptive use and related aspects of mustard. The evapotranspiration values recorded by lysimeters, global radiation and actual soil moisture data of Jorhat and the computed soil moisture have been used. The study suggests that the nlustard plant uses n10re water at all the stations except at humid location where consumptive use is least. The utilization is n1aximum betw~n 31-60 days after sowing in case ofJorhat l;er 111 and Samakhunta. The con1puted soil 1110isture estimates for 45 cm layer agree with the actual soil moisture. 15-1 The analysis also brings oUt that during the seventh week after sowing, the ratio of consumpiive use and rti. Ru Ilobal radiation attains a nlaxin1um value. This infonnation can be used for detennining irrigation needs and ular m computing energy balance components in the crop. ncymodsE..C.1..S.l.R...llC

Geochemistry and tectonic setting for the deposition of IOG siliciclastics at the western margin of Bonai Granite, Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, India

Bagiyabahal and Birtola areas are located in the south-western extension of the Noamundi-Koira Iron Ore Group (IOG) basin. Rock types exposed in the area comprises of siliciclastics and volcanics which occurs unconformably over the basement tonalite-trondhjemite granite-gneiss (Bonai Granite Phase-I). The cover rocks show sheared contact with the porphyritic Bonai Granite Phase-II. The IOG basin margin is suggested to be a part of a ‘volcanic passive margin’ as indicated by the geochemical behaviour of the siliciclastics as well as massive emplacements of mafic intrusives (doleritic sill, dyke and gabbro) and extrusives (basaltic lava flow) along faulted continental blocks. The siliciclastics comprise of U and Au bearing quartz-pebble conglomerate (QPC) and quartzite succession. It was deposited along the western margin of the Bonai granite (phase I) in anoxic conditions as indicated by their low Th/U ratios and presence of detrital uraninite grains. Repeated cycles of sedimentation and volcanism led to the formation of alternate layers of siliciclastics and basic bodies in the area. Major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) geochemical data suggests a semi-humid to humid palaeo-climatic environment of during the deposition in the passive continental margin setting characterized by fault-controlled sedimentation over a rift related faulted continental crust and shelf. Geochemical data suggests chemically weathered provenance dominated by clay minerals. Higher content of U, Th, Au, Cr, REE, platinum group of elements (PGE) and other geochemical ratios suggest a mixed provenance for the deposition of the siliciclastics comprising a predominantly acidic/granitic source possibly from the Bonai Granitic Complex (BGC) along with granite derived reworked quartzose sediments, minor basic and ultrabasic sources of Older Metamorphic Group (OMG). This paper attempts to characterize the geochemical behaviour, tectonic setting and provenance of the siliciclastics of Birtola and Bagiyabahal areas by analyzing drill core and surface samples.

Impact of weather on lowland rice cultivation and planning decisions over humid tropical India

The present study investigates the effect of the climatic environment on three different varieties of paddy. Crop coefficient in different stages of growth, the consumptive uses and radiation use efficiency has been determined and discussed in each case. Ideal date which could give optimum yield, has been determined in two varieties. The yield was correlated with weather parameters for each of the phases of the crop growth by forward ranking method and a statistical prediction model developed. Path analysis was applied to the predictors thus selected and direct and indirect contribution of the predictors to yield determined and discussed.

Mid-Late Holocene Stalagmite δ18O and δ13C Records in Naduo Cave, Guizhou Province, China

Global warming and climate anomalies have attracted worldwide attention. The study of global climate change has received increasing attention from all countries and fields worldwide. Paleoclimate research is an important way to understand past global change and environmental evolution and to simulate and predict future climate development. A stalagmite ND3 collected in Naduo Cave was used to reconstruct the history of local climate and environmental changes from 0.55 to 5.07 ka BP based on the data of 13 230Th ages and 642 groups of oxygen and carbon stable isotopes. First, according to correlation analysis, δ18O and δ13C were significantly correlated (correlation coefficient r = 0.308, n = 318, P < 0.001 ) during the 5.07–2.00 ka BP period. However, during the period of 2–0.55 ka BP, there was no significant correlation P > 0.05 . The δ18O and δ13C data indicate that the climatic environment changed asynchronously during the period of 2.00–0.55 ka BP. During the period of 5.07–2.00 ka BP, the influence of human activities was weak, and δ18O and δ13C indicate similar climatic and environmental conditions, both of which changed in the same direction (positive correlation). In other words, when δ18O was positive, it indicated weak summer monsoons and lower precipitation, which led to declines in vegetation, weakened biological activity, and decreased soil CO2 and positive δ13C. The reverse patterns were also true. Since 2.0 ka BP, the intensity of human activities and the transformation and influence of surface vegetation have increased, and native vegetation has been destroyed in large quantities. Therefore, the climatic and environmental significance indicated by δ13C and δ18O has been well demonstrated. Second, the δ18O records showed that stalagmite ND3 responded to the weak monsoon drought events of 4.2 ka BP and 2.8 ka BP in the Holocene in a discontinuous deposition manner, which brings up new directions for future research.

Applications of Models and Tools for Mesoscale and Microscale Thermal Analysis in Mid-Latitude Climate Regions—A Review

Urban analysis at different spatial scales (micro- and mesoscale) of local climate conditions is required to test typical artificial urban boundaries and related climate hazards such as high temperatures in built environments. The multitude of finishing materials and sheltering objects within built environments produce distinct patterns of different climate conditions, particularly during the daytime. The combination of high temperatures and intense solar radiation strongly perturb the environment by increasing the thermal heat stress at the pedestrian level. Therefore, it is becoming common practice to use numerical models and tools that enable multiple design and planning alternatives to be quantitatively and qualitatively tested to inform urban planners and decision-makers. These models and tools can be used to compare the relationships between the micro-climatic environment, the subjective thermal assessment, and the social behaviour, which can reveal the attractiveness and effectiveness of new urban spaces and lead to more sustainable and liveable public spaces. This review article presents the applications of selected environmental numerical models and tools to predict human thermal stress at the mesoscale (e.g., satellite thermal images and UrbClim) and the microscale (e.g., mobile measurements, ENVI-met, and UrbClim HR) focusing on case study cities in mid-latitude climate regions framed in two European research projects.

Interactions of Growth Environmental and Application of GA3 Concentration On Shallot Productivity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combination of technology using GA3 and agro-climate-based growing environment to increase shallot production in the lowlands. The study was designed with a nested factorial design, where the replicates were nested in an agro-climatic environment. The growing environment used consists of three conditions, namely open nature (e1), screen house (e2), UV plastic (e3). Meanwhile, the GA3 concentration (g) factor used consists of 4 levels, namely 0 ppm (g0), 100 ppm (g1), 200 ppm (g2) and 300 ppm (g3). This research design will be repeated 3 times for each treatment, so that the total experimental plot is 36 experimental units. The characters observed consisted of six characters, namely the number of leaves, absorption, reflection, tuber fresh weight, tuber diameter and tuber production. The results of this study indicate that GA3 treatment and UV application are very influential in increasing the productivity of shallots. The combination of 200 ppm GA3 concentration with the use of UV is the recommended technology in shallot cultivation. The fresh weight character of the tuber is a recommended secondary character in evaluating the potential of shallot cultivation technology. Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No. KM.10, Tamalanrea Indah, Kec. Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245.

Food and Grain Consumption Per Capita in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Implications for Conservation

Background: Grain security is crucial for social stability and ecosystem conservation regionally and globally, and it is particularly concerned widely in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) due to its high altitude and harsh climate for agriculture. Method: In this paper, we calculated and analyzed per capita food and grain consumption, including direct grain consumption, grain for fodder, industry consumption, seeds consumption, and wastage consumption and its changes in the QTP during 1995–2019. Results: The results showed that (1) in 2019, the average food consumption per capita was 333.35 kg, was stable since 1995. The dietary structure of residents was composed of direct grain consumption (44.15%), meat (10.72%), and milk (6.94%). The consumption of meat and milk was higher than the national average. (2) The average daily intake of energy and protein, animal protein, and the ratio of high-quality protein and fat energy were 2156.21 kcal·d−1, 73.53 g·d−1, 23.06 g·d−1, 38.32%, and 27.77% in 2019. Their changes were −342.98 kcal·d−1, −8.91 g·d−1, 11.16 g·d−1, 18.37%, and 11.08%, respectively. (3) The corresponding grain consumption per capita was 284.90 kg·a−1 in 1995, 262.19 kg·a−1 in 2010, and then remained stable until 2019. Conclusion: The study suggested that food consumption per capital was guaranteed at the well-off level since 2010, and food and dietary structure of residents were corresponding to physical geographic and climatic environment in the QTP. The conflict between food security and the ecosystem conservation can be managed without scarifying nature as the total grain consumption was stable since 2010, and the yield per unit area and total grain yield were both increasing since 2003 for agricultural condition improved in the QTP.

Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors as a Factor to Create a Comfortable Lighting Environment in Working Premises of Office Buildings: A Review

The article deals with system of supplementary artificial lighting of working premises in office buildings. It is noted, that for the time being the construction and commission of office building in majority of world’s countries increase, creating jobs for many people, which work as office personal. That’s why the creating of comfortable indoor climatic environment takes a leading part in the process of architectural and structural design of the buildings in question. The comfort of lighting environment is considered as one of main for man among the environmental problems to be solved in these building. As a results of the scientific study presented, the authors studies that the best solution in this case is to incorporated artificial lighting in supplementary form to increase the total level of illumination of working premises where and when it is necessary. The authors noted, that for the scientific investigations of the kind considered, the best method of the field study was an internationally – adopted method of subjective expert appraisal of the indoor lighting environment.

Prerequisites for the Calculation of Natural Lighting of Premises Taking into Account the Insolation Component in the Region of Equatorial Latitudes

To solve the problem of designing buildings with taking into account modern hygienic and technical requirements, it is of great importance to take into account the factors of the natural and climatic environment, in which the radiant energy of the sun plays an important role, determining the insolation-lighting-heating regime of the premises. The natural lighting of the premises is studied and the prerequisites for the refinement and development of the methodology for calculating the natural indoor lighting of the premises taking into account the insolation conditions for a specific region of the equatorial countries are formulated. Proposals for improving the methodology for calculating the daylighting in the room, taking into account the insolation components, have been developed.

The Effect of the Climatic Housing Environment on the Growth of Dairy-Bred Calves in the First Month of Life on a Scottish Farm

Calf housing is naturally thermodynamic, with interactions between various elements such as wind speed, air temperature, and humidity. This study investigated the effect of the proportion of time for which calves were exposed to effective environmental temperatures below their lower critical temperature (LCT) on their daily liveweight gain (DLWG) within their first month of life. This study used the naturally occurring climatic environment, whereas other such studies have been conducted under climatically controlled conditions. Air temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), and wind speed (m/s) were recorded within the calf housing from birth until approximately 28 days of age, with calves being health-scored and weighed at regular intervals. Calves were housed from birth until 6–14 days old in individual hutches, and then moved into group housing igloo pens. Whilst individually housed, calves that spent less than 32% of their time below their LCT had a DLWG of 0.06 ± 0.34 kg/d (mean ± SE) compared to calves that spent more than 97% of their time below their LCT, which had a DLWG of −0.19 ± 0.045 kg/d. When group housed, calves that spent less than 1% of their time below their LCT had a DLWG of 0.59 ± 0.18 kg/d, whereas calves that spent more than 28% of their time below their LCT had a DLWG of 0.53 ± 0.23 kg/d. The proportion of time for which calves were exposed to effective environmental temperatures below their LCT had a significant effect on DLWG when calves were individually housed. Therefore, exposure to effective environmental temperatures below the LCT can be detrimental to the growth of the calf in the early stages of its life.