Continuous sea clutter models for the mean backscatter and K-distribution shape

Author(s):  
L. Rosenberg ◽  
S. Watts
2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 3361-3385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Mansell ◽  
Daniel T. Dawson II ◽  
Jerry M. Straka

AbstractA three-moment bulk microphysics scheme is modified to treat melting in a size-dependent manner that emulates results from a spectral bin scheme. The three-moment bulk framework allows the distribution shape to change and accommodate some direct effects of melting on both the hail and raindrop size distributions. Reflectivity changes and shed raindrop sizes are calculated over discrete size ranges of the hail particle spectrum. Smaller ice particles are treated as melting into drops of the same mass, whereas large particles shed drops as they melt. As small ice particles are lost, the size spectrum naturally becomes narrower and the mean size of small hail can increase. Large hail with a narrow spectrum, however, can decrease in size from melting. A substantial effect is seen on the rain median volume diameter when small drops are shed from large melting hail. The NSSL bulk scheme is compared with bin microphysics in steady-state hail shafts and in a supercell storm case. It is also shown that melting (or any substantial removal of mass) induces gravitational size sorting in bulk microphysics to increase hail size despite the design of the process rates to maintain the mean size of the melting ice. This unintended side effect can be a correct behavior for small hail, but not for large hail with a narrow distribution, when mean hail size should decrease by melting.


2013 ◽  
Vol 380-384 ◽  
pp. 967-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Sun ◽  
Gang Jin ◽  
Chao Yu Wang ◽  
Xiao Hua Zhu

In this paper, a novel approach based on the fluctuation analysis for the target detection in sea clutter is proposed. The self-affinity and scaling behaviors of sea clutter is analyzed by using the mean fluctuation. The q-th order normalized slope of the mean fluctuation curve is used as the characteristic parameter to describe the fractal property. The tests on the real data show that the target could be clearly distinguished from the sea clutter background with the proposed approach.


2012 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 678-684
Author(s):  
Jian Mei Xu ◽  
Lun Bai

The sampling distribution of the coefficient of variation for a normal population is theoretically deduced, as well as its mean and variance. The conditions under which the mean and variance of the sampling distribution exist are studied, and the affecting factors on the sampling distribution shape are discussed.


2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
José Raúl Machado Fernández ◽  
Briam García Delgado ◽  
Alejandro Machado Gil

El principal problema que enfrentan los radares marinos es la eliminación del clutter que es una señal indeseable que aparece mezclada con la información del blanco. El origen de este aporte interferente está en el eco resultante del rebote de la emisión primaria en la superficie marina. Una de las distribuciones probabilísticas más populares en la modelación del clutter es la distribución K. Beneficioso en el diseño de detectores eficientes, es propuesto un sistema capaz de reconocer el parámetro de forma de la distribución K conociendo de antemano el valor del parámetro de escala. El resultado es aplicable a condiciones de operación en tiempo real, pues se basa en una aproximación de redes neuronales artificiales en rol de reconocimiento de patrones.


2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Afrânio Rubens de Mesquita ◽  
Carlos Augusto De Sampaio França ◽  
Marco Antonio Corrêa

ABSTRACT. Annual mean sea level data distributed by PSMSL (Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level) of IAPSO (International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) were analysed in the search for global sea level co-variants and invariants. The correlation coefficient ρ , taken as a measure of collinearity ρc in time series, was shown to depend on the ratio of two variances and then invariant with the inclination β of the regression line yri(ti) = tan(β)xi + α , α the intercept, relative to the Cartesian coordinated axes. Also invariant with the trends βt is the distance i of the discrete data points (xi, yi)i = 1, 2 . . . , n , to the regression straight line previously calculated. The mean over all i was taken as a measure, a coefficient of proximity of each series. Analysis of the two coefficients allowed the definition of a variable F = ρc × whose values, in consequence, are also invariants with the trends βt of the individual series. The same can be said about the F distribution shape, in a plot that allowed the comparison of the F values of all ports round the globe. Ports as of Cananeia (Brazil), San Francisco (USA), Brest (France), Antofagasta (Chile), and Takoradi, from Gana (Africa), occupy very distinct and relatively permanent positions in the plot, which, for longer series, are also invariant with their length in years. Analyses of a plot of ρc and βt showed also that although they are statistically mutually invariants, their values, calculated from PSMSL series, seem to be distributed as covariant variables. All mentioned invariance and co-variance seem related to what appears to be a limit globally imposed on the variability of planetary sea level series from all ports of islands and continents, by the Earth’s gravity field. The study of the induced co-variance between , ρc and the F values, with the trends , may help to unveil the characteristics of the constraints on the planetary relative to sea level series. Keywords: collinearity coefficient, proximity coefficient, PSMSL series, regression line, planetary series, trend invariants.  RESUMO. Valores médios anuais de nível do mar distribuídos pelo PSMSL (Serviço Permanente para o Nível do Mar) da IAPSO (Associação Internacional para as Ciências Físicas dos Oceanos) são analisados na procura de invariantes globais do nível do mar. O coeficiente de correlação ρ , admitido como uma medida da colinearidade em séries de tempo ρc, foi mostrado ser dependente da razão de duas variâncias e então invariante com relação à inclinação β da reta de regressão relativa aos eixos coordenados cartesianos. Também invariante com a inclinação β é a distância média dos pontos discretos da série até a reta de regressão. A distância média é tomada como uma medida, como um coeficiente de proximidade dos pontos da série à reta. A análise desses coeficientes ( ρc e ) e sua invariância com relação à rotação do sistema de coordenadas permitiram a definição de uma variável F = ρc × que é também invariante com o sistema e pode ser tomada como uma constante de cada s´erie, que caracteriza cada série do conjunto de séries planetárias e, em consequência a distribuição dos valores F contidos nas series PSMSL. Nessa distribuição os portos de Cananeia (Brasil), São Francisco, (EUA), Brest (França), Antofagasta (Chile) e Takoradi, Ghana (África), ocupam posições bastante particulares, relativamente permanentes e invariantes com o comprimento das séries. Análises das variáveis colinearidade ρc e tendências βt, mostraram também, que embora elas sejam estatisticamente mutuamente invariantes, seus valores calculados a partir das séries PSMSL, são linear e globalmente distribuídos como variáveis covariantes. Isso é interpretado como devido a limites naturais geofisicamente impostos nas séries planetárias. O estudo dessa dependência induzida entre ρc, βt, e F , pode, eventualmente, ajudar a descobrir as características desses vínculos planetários. Palavras-chave: coeficiente de colinearidade, coeficiente de proximidade, séries do PSMSL, reta de regressão, séries planetária, tendências constantes.


1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-733
Author(s):  
George E. Passey ◽  
Donald F. Hoelle

Four groups of 15 Ss each acquired conditioned eyelid responses to a 1024-cps tonal stimulus delivered at 40 db above threshold. While the arithmetic mean intensity of the reinforcing airpuff was held constant, reinforcement was varied about the mean in distributions which varied in shape. Seventy acquisition trials were given. Distribution shape differences failed to produce differences in the form of acquisition curves or in the total number of anticipatory responses during acquisition.


2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (56) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Raúl Machado Fernández ◽  
Jesus de la Concepción Bacallao Vidal ◽  
Nelso Chávez Ferry

The main problem faced by sea radars is the elimination of an undesirable signal that appears mixed with target information: sea clutter. The clutter results from the echo caused by the rebound of the primary emission at sea surface. One of the most popular probability distributions in clutter modelling is the Weibull distribution. Helpful in efficient detectors’ design, a system able to recognize the Weibull shape parameter knowing a priori that the mean of the distribution is equal to zero is proposed. The result is appropriate for real time operating conditions as it is based on a neural networks approximation in the estimator role.


2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivika Kängsepp ◽  
Ahto Kangur ◽  
Andres Kiviste

Abstract Growth assessment of young stands gives the possibility of assessing forest site potential, tree species-dependent competition and developing realistic predictions for the following periods. The study is conducted in naturally regenerated broadleaves dominated stands in 2005 at Järvselja Training and Experimental Forest Center. The current study material is collected from 9 study plots established in three forest stands (regeneration felling years respectively 1996, 2000 and 2002). The study plots were re-measured 4–6 times respectively between the years of 2006 and 2012. The Weibull distribution function fit for empirical height distributions in consecutive years was tested and the estimated Weibull parameters were analysed. Results indicate that empirical height distributions of young regenerated forests do not fit well to theoretical distributions, but in many cases, empirical and theoretical distribution are similar. The Weibull distribution shape parameter was related to the maximum height and range of the height, and the scale parameter was related to the mean, quadratic mean and median height.


1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
D. L. Crawford

Early in the 1950's Strömgren (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) introduced medium to narrow-band interference filter photometry at the McDonald Observatory. He used six interference filters to obtain two parameters of astrophysical interest. These parameters he calledlandc, for line and continuum hydrogen absorption. The first measured empirically the absorption line strength of Hβby means of a filter of half width 35Å centered on Hβand compared to the mean of two filters situated in the continuum near Hβ. The second index measured empirically the Balmer discontinuity by means of a filter situated below the Balmer discontinuity and two above it. He showed that these two indices could accurately predict the spectral type and luminosity of both B stars and A and F stars. He later derived (6) an indexmfrom the same filters. This index was a measure of the relative line blanketing near 4100Å compared to two filters above 4500Å. These three indices confirmed earlier work by many people, including Lindblad and Becker. References to this earlier work and to the systems discussed today can be found in Strömgren's article inBasic Astronomical Data(7).


1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lecar

“Dynamical mixing”, i.e. relaxation of a stellar phase space distribution through interaction with the mean gravitational field, is numerically investigated for a one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas. Qualitative results are presented in the form of a motion picture of the flow of phase points (representing homogeneous slabs of stars) in two-dimensional phase space.


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