Cost-effective agility in the manufacture of low volume high mix products

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Gaskell
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Volume

Otta Seals and Gravseals as Low-Cost Surfacing Alternatives for Low-Volume Roads: Experiences in South Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Oloo ◽  
Rob Lindsay ◽  
Sam Mothilal
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
To Come

The geology of the northeastern part of the province of KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa, is predominantly alluvial with vast deposits of sands. Suitable gravel sources are hard to come by, which results in high graveling and regraveling costs brought about by long haul distances and accelerated gravel loss. Most gravel roads carry fewer than 500 vehicles per day of which less than 10% are heavy vehicles. The high cost of regraveling has led to consideration of upgrading such roads to surfaced standard, even though traffic volumes do not justify upgrading. Traditional chip seals are expensive and cannot be economically justified on roads that carry fewer than 500 vehicles per day. The KwaZulu–Natal Department of Transport is actively involved in efforts to identify cost-effective alternative surfacing products for low-volume roads. Field trials were conducted with Otta seals and Gravseals, which have been used successfully in other countries, as low-cost surfacing products for low-volume roads. The Otta seal is formed by placing graded aggregates on a relatively thick film of soft binder that, because of traffic and rolling, works its way through the aggregates. Gravseal consists of a special semipriming rubberized binder that is covered by a graded aggregate. Both Otta seals and Gravseals provide relatively flexible bituminous surfaces suitable for low-volume roads. Cost savings are derived mainly from the broad aggregate specifications, which allow for the use of marginal materials.

Microfluidics 4: PDMS Chip Soft Lithography v2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhat Sevli ◽  
not provided C. Yunus Sahan
Keyword(s):  
Soft Lithography ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cnc Machining ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Pdms Chip ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Lithography Technique

Microfluidics materials are of various types and application-specific. PDMS is one of the most preferred and cost-effective solutions for research and low-volume manufacturing. After having the mold, PDMS replicas are generated by a technique called soft-lithography. This protocol describes the preparation of PDMS microchannels using SU8 molds, 3D Printed resin molds, and/or metal molds by the soft lithography technique, SLA printing, or CNC machining.

Microfluidics 4: PDMS Chip Soft Lithography v2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhat Sevli ◽  
not provided C. Yunus Sahan
Keyword(s):  
Soft Lithography ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cnc Machining ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Pdms Chip ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Lithography Technique

Microfluidics materials are of various types and application-specific. PDMS is one of the most preferred and cost-effective solutions for research and low-volume manufacturing. After having the mold, PDMS replicas are generated by a technique called soft-lithography. This protocol describes the preparation of PDMS microchannels using SU8 molds, 3D Printed resin molds, and/or metal molds by the soft lithography technique, SLA printing, or CNC machining.

Improving Unpaved Roads in Virginia: Case Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Michael W. Dunn ◽  
S. Noelle On
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Elected Officials ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Improvement Process ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Virginia Department

Minimizing costs and streamlining the construction of low-volume roads offers an opportunity for transportation agencies to effectively meet the needs of rural citizens. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) maintains approximately 56,941 mi of the state’s roads, including Interstate, primary, and secondary facilities. Between 1987 and 1994, VDOT paved nearly 1,900 mi of unpaved roads. In rural parts of the state, many miles of state-maintained roads still have gravel and dirt surfaces. Each year the local transportation residency offices, in conjunction with local elected officials, contractors, and area citizens, strive to improve and pave as many miles of gravel and dirt roads as possible. The Hillsville Residency of VDOT, located in rural Carroll and Floyd Counties, has developed an efficient and cost-effective method for improving low-volume gravel and dirt roads. This process relies heavily on cooperative efforts by VDOT, contractors, elected officials, and especially citizens. Land donations from citizens represent the cornerstone of this process, signifying that citizen cooperation is the key factor in a project’s success. Because most of the decisions in the improvement process are at the local residency level, trusting relationships and frequent communication can be established, small-scale and local contractors are given more business opportunities, and local VDOT personnel can better understand citizen concerns and perform road improvements accordingly. In addition, the time line for the road improvement process is based on seasons—the most appropriate weather conditions are considered for the work being performed. This program enables more roads to be paved each year, improving the level of service and quality of life for local citizens.

Use of Foamed Tar for Construction of Flexible Pavement with Existing Unpaved Road Structure

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
Bruce S. Morton ◽  
Alex T. Visser ◽  
Emile Horak
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Low Volume

Low-volume and unpaved roads constitute the majority of the road network throughout the developing and developed world. Upgrading these unpaved roads to conform to standards of low-volume flexible asphalt pavements is a costly exercise. In most instances, this involves constructing an entirely new pavement base. Recent technological advances in the field of deep in situ recycling have provided pavement engineers with an alternative to standard rehabilitation and reconstruction methods of flexible pavements. One such technique of stabilization is foamed tar treatment of inferior natural pavement materials through the application of deep in situ recycling to produce a stabilized base for lowvolume flexible pavements. Foamed tar technology and the concept of deep in situ recycling, and its advantages over current reconstruction methods, were reviewed. Health aspects relating to implementation of the stabilization process were addressed with respect to the use of gasifier tar in a controlled recycling environment. The engineering properties of foamed tar mixes were compared with existing stabilization techniques. A test section was constructed with particular attention to the flexibility of foamed tar for placement time, workability, and durability to environmental conditions. Performance testing results were analyzed. In conclusion, the benefits of foamed tar stabilization for developing an improved road network in a cost-effective manner were evaluated.

Rural Intelligent Transportation System Natural-Hazard Management on Low-Volume Roads

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-259
Author(s):  
Rand Decker ◽  
Robert Rice ◽  
Steve Putnam ◽  
Stanford Singer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Road Closure

The growth of winter travel on alpine roads in the western United States has increased the risk to motorists and highway maintenance personnel owing to a variety of natural hazards. Hazards include snow and ice, avalanching snow, and blowing and drifting snow. The conditions call for attendant need for incident response. A substantial number of affected routes are low-volume rural winter roads. Configurations have been developed for rural intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology that can detect hazards and provide, autonomously and in real time, warnings to and traffic control actions for motorists, highway maintainers, and incident responders for roadway natural hazards. These warnings include on-site traffic control signing and road closure gates, in-vehicle audio alarms for agency maintenance and patrol vehicles, and notification to highway agency maintenance facilities or centralized multiagency dispatchers. These actions and notifications are initiated automatically from the remote rural sites and via manual intervention from off-site personnel, well removed from the rural roadway corridor itself. About 5 years of experience have been accumulated in using these rural ITS natural-hazard reduction systems, including snow avalanche detection and warning systems on Loveland Pass, Colorado; Hoback Canyon, Wyoming; and Banner Summit, Idaho. Automated road closure gates on the Teton Pass in Idaho and Wyoming now allow for remote road closure during heavy snow events. These cost-effective ITS natural-hazard systems are highly exportable for other processes that affect rural low-volume roadways, including landslide, flooding, high surf, high winds, loss of visibility, wildlife, and other natural hazards of this type.

Cost-effectiveness of upfront therapeutic options in low-volume de novo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Neil Rohit Parikh ◽  
Eric M. Chang ◽  
Nicholas George Nickols ◽  
Matthew Rettig ◽  
Ann C. Raldow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Systemic Therapy ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
Low Volume

211 Background: Low-volume de novo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) has historically been treated with lifelong androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Recently, however, the addition of several advanced therapeutic options – radiation therapy (RT) to the primary, advanced hormonal therapy agents such as abiraterone acetate/prednisone (AAP), and chemotherapy – to ADT have been shown to improve survival in low-volume mHSPC. The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of treating low-volume mHSPC patients upfront with RT+ADT, AAP+ADT, or docetaxel+ADT. Methods: A Markov-based cost-effectiveness analysis was constructed comparing three treatment strategies for low-volume mHSPC patients: (1) upfront RT+ADT --> salvage AAP+ADT --> salvage docetaxel+ADT; (2) upfront AAP+ADT --> salvage docetaxel+ADT, and (3) upfront docetaxel+ADT --> salvage AAP+ADT. Transition probabilities were calculated using data from STAMPEDE arms C/G/H, COU-AA-301, COU-AA-302, and TAX-327. RT was delivered via five-fraction stereotactic body radiation therapy. The analysis utilized a 10-year time horizon, and a $100,000/quality adjusted life year (QALY) willingness-to-pay threshold. Utilities were extracted from the literature; costs were taken from Medicare fee schedules and VA oral drug contracts. Results: At 10 years, total cost was $140K, $259K, and $189K, with total QALYs of 4.66, 5.03, and 3.72 for strategies (1) upfront RT+ADT, (2) upfront AAP+ADT, and (3) upfront docetaxel+ADT, respectively. Compared to upfront RT+ADT, upfront AAP+ADT was not cost-effective (ICER: $321K/QALY). This result remained unchanged even after modification of various model inputs in 1-way sensitivity analysis. Upfront docetaxel+ADT was both more costly and less effective than upfront RT+ADT (ICER: -$53K/QALY). Conclusions: At 10 years, RT+ADT is cost-effective compared to other advanced systemic therapy options alone, and should be considered as a viable treatment strategy in all patients with a low-burden of metastatic disease. Additional studies are needed to determine whether any benefit exists in combining RT to the primary with upfront advanced systemic therapy.

Cost-Effective Safety Treatment of Trees on Low-Volume Rural Roads

2015 ◽  
Vol 2472 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Karla A. Lechtenberg ◽  
Cody S. Stolle ◽  
Ronald K. Faller ◽  
Kevin D. Schrum
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Low Volume

scholarly journals Improving the Design of Low Volume Sealed Roads in Tanzania

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
David A. Mfinanga ◽  
Lusekelo A. Mwakyami
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Low Volume

The main objective of the study was to identify appropriate road designs for Low Volume Sealed Roads (LVSRs) with the aim of improving the design of such roads in Tanzania. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro regions in Tanzania where data for LVSRs were collected from primary and secondary sources in the two regions. The study found that by using an improved pavement design method specifically meant for LVSRs results in cost savings for LVSRs of up to 51% compared with the conventional method of pavement design in Tanzania. The study recommends that the pavement design method for lightly trafficked sealed roads in southern Africa developed by Transport Research Laboratory, which was found to be most cost-effective, be used to design (or develop a procedure for design of) LVSRs in Tanzania and that the roads be preferably sealed with Otta seal or Surface dressing. The study also recommends that LVSRs in Tanzania be defined by a maximum traffic volume of 400 vpd.

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