Batteries in a vehicle – conditions, capabilities and limitations

Electric buses are now seen as the primary means of public transport in cities. However, their exploitation is associated with a number of limitations. The article presents the problem of battery use in buses. The design differences between the vehicle with the internal combustion engine and the electric motor are discussed. In particular, authors compared the number of passengers that both types of buses can take, as well as the difference in vehicle mass and range, and the reasons for these differences. The types of electrochemical cells that can be used to power vehicles and their basic features are presented. The article focuses on the NMC, LFP, LTO and LIC type cells. Next, the battery pack structure and its components were described. The specific energies of cells and batteries constructed from these cells were compared. Next, the most important features of the vehicle equipped with batteries with various types of cells are discussed. The mass, range, charging time and cycle lifetime of the batteries were compared. The basic dependence was noted: the greater the specific energy, the smaller the number of battery cycles. So if the bus has to take more passengers, it must have light batteries, which should be frequently charged, which requires high cyclic lifetimes.

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CONVERTING THE VEHICLE BY REPLACING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny ◽

10.33868/0365-8392-2019-4-260-29-35 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 29-35

Author(s):

Oleksandr Gryshchuk ◽

Volodymyr Hladchenko ◽

Uriy Overchenko

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Motor ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Sales Forecasts ◽

Financial Investments ◽

Near Future

This article looks at some comparative statistics on the development and use of electric vehicles (hereinafter referred to as EM) as an example of sales and future sales forecasts for EM in countries that focus on environmental conservation. Examples of financial investments already underway and to be made in the near future by the largest automakers in the development and distribution of EM in the world are given. Steps are taken to improve the environmental situation in countries (for example, the prohibition of entry into the city center), the scientific and applied problem of improving the energy efficiency and environmental safety of the operation of wheeled vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the CTE). The basic and more widespread schemes of conversion of the internal combustion engine car (hereinafter -ICE) to the electric motor car (by replacing the gasoline or diesel electric motor), as well as the main requirements that must be observed for the safe use and operation of the electric vehicle. The problem is solved by justifying the feasibility of re-equipment of the KTZ by replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor. On the basis of the statistics collected by the State Automobile Transit Research Institute on the number of issued conclusions of scientific and technical expertise regarding the approval of the possibility of conversion of a car with an internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel) to a car with an electric motor (electric vehicle), the conclusions on the feasibility of such conclusion were made. Keywords: electricvehicles, ecological safety, electricmotor, statistics provided, car, vehicle by replacing.

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Perceptual Difference on HVAC Sound Quality between Electric and Conventional Vehicles

INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings ◽

10.3397/in-2021-2629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 263 (2) ◽

pp. 4189-4198

Author(s):

Katsuya Yamauchi ◽

Minori Dan ◽

Federico Cioffi ◽

Luigi Maffei ◽

Massimiliano Masullo

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Background Noise ◽

Collaborative Research ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Sound Quality ◽

Hvac System ◽

Air Flow Rate ◽

Vehicle Noise ◽

The Difference

The heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is one of the most critical sources in in-vehicle noise environment, especially when cars are moving at low speed or at lower engine rotation. With the transition to electric vehicles (EV) from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), the contribution of powertrain becomes lower on the background noise inside car cabins. The authors have been conducting a collaborative research on HVAC sound quality inside car cabins. In this paper the results of a subjective evaluation of HVAC sound quality were presented, that attempted to compare the perceptual differences among the two groups, i.e. EVs and ICEVs. The result revealed the difference in the noise perception among the two types of vehicles especially softer air flow rate conditions.

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Dynamic Simulation and Control of a New Parallel Hybrid Power System

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10165467 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (16) ◽

pp. 5467

Author(s):

Po-Tuan Chen ◽

Cheng-Jung Yang ◽

Kuohsiu David Huang

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Logic ◽

Power System ◽

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Dynamic Simulation ◽

Electric Motor ◽

Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽

Simulation Analysis ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Power Sources

To avoid unnecessary power loss during switching between the various power sources of a composite electric vehicle while achieving smooth operation, this study focuses on the development and dynamic simulation analysis of a control system for the power of a parallel composite vehicle. This system includes a power integration and distribution mechanism, which enables the two power sources of the internal combustion engine and electric motor to operate independently or in coordination to meet the different power-output requirements. The integration of the electric motor and battery-charging engine reduces the system complexity. To verify the working efficiency of the energy control strategy for the power system, the NEDC2000 cycle is used for the vehicle driving test, a fuzzy logic controller is established using Matlab/Simulink, and the speed and torque analysis of the components related to power system performance are conducted. Through a dynamic simulation, it is revealed that this fuzzy logic controller can adjust the two power sources (the motor and internal combustion engine) appropriately. The internal combustion engine can be maintained in the optimal operating region with low, medium, and high driving speeds.

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HOPS-dependent endosomal fusion required for efficient cytosolic delivery of therapeutic peptides and small proteins

10.1101/374926 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Angela Steinauer ◽

Jonathan R. LaRochelle ◽

Rebecca Wissner ◽

Samuel Berry ◽

Alanna Schepartz

Keyword(s):

Cell Penetrating Peptides ◽

Correlation Spectroscopy ◽

Confocal Imaging ◽

Endocytic Pathway ◽

Endosomal Escape ◽

Stapled Peptides ◽

Critical Determinant ◽

Small Proteins ◽

Primary Means ◽

The Difference

AbstractProtein therapeutics represent a significant and growing component of the modern pharmacopeia, but their potential to treat human disease is limited because most proteins fail to traffic across biological membranes. Recently, we discovered that cell-permeant miniature proteins (CPMPs) containing a precisely defined, penta-arginine motif traffic readily to the cytosol and nucleus with efficiencies that rival those of hydrocarbon-stapled peptides active in animals and man. Like many cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), CPMPs enter the endocytic pathway; the difference is that CPMPs are released efficiently from endosomes while other CPPs are not. Here, we seek to understand how CPMPs traffic from endosomes into the cytosol and what factors contribute to the efficiency of endosomal release. First, using two complementary cell-based assays, we exclude endosomal rupture as the primary means of endosomal escape. Next, using a broad spectrum of techniques, including an RNA interference (RNAi) screen, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), and confocal imaging, we identify VPS39—a gene encoding a subunit of the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex—as a critical determinant in the trafficking of CPMPs and hydrocarbon-stapled peptides to the cytosol. Although CPMPs neither inhibit nor activate HOPS function, HOPS activity is essential to efficiently deliver CPMPs to the cytosol. Subsequent multi-color confocal imaging studies identify CPMPs within the endosomal lumen, particularly within the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of Rab7+ and Lamp1+ endosomes that are the products of HOPS-mediated fusion. These results suggest that CPMPs require HOPS to reach ILVs—an environment that serves as a prerequisite for efficient endosomal escape.

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Intelligent Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender for Battery Electric Vehicles

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj10020029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dongxiao Wu ◽

Jin Ren ◽

Huw Davies ◽

Jinlei Shang ◽

Olivier Haas

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Road Transport ◽

Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽

Environment Policy ◽

Range Extender ◽

Charging Time ◽

Cell Range

Road transport is recognized as having a negative impact on the environment. Policy has focused on replacement of the internal combustion engine (ICE) with less polluting forms of technology, including battery electric and fuel cell electric powertrains. However, progress is slow and both battery and fuel cell based vehicles face considerable commercialization challenges. To understand these challenges, a review of current electric battery and fuel cell electric technologies is presented. Based on this review, this paper proposes a battery electric vehicle (BEV) where components are sized to take into account the majority of user requirements, with the remainder catered for by a trailer-based demountable intelligent fuel cell range extender. The proposed design can extend the range by more than 50% for small BEVs and 25% for large BEVs (the extended range of vehicles over 250 miles), reducing cost and increasing efficiency for the BEV. It enables BEV manufacturers to design their vehicle battery for the most common journeys, decreases charging time to provide convenience and flexibility to the drivers. Adopting a rent and drop business model reduces the demand on the raw materials, bridging the gap in the amount of charging (refueling) stations, and extending the lifespan for the battery pack.

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Electric Vehicle Forecasting for China from 2011 to 2050 Based on Scenario Analysis

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.846 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 128-129 ◽

pp. 846-849

Author(s):

Shi Jun Fu ◽

Yu Long Ren

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Growth Model ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Scenario Analysis ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Growth Period ◽

The Difference ◽

New Industry

With climate change being growing concerns, the development of EV (Electric Vehicles) has taken on an accelerated pace. This paper is to forecast China’s EV stock from 2011 to 2050 based on the double species growth model. We elaborate two orbits according to two scenarios: with vehicle stock being 200 and 300 per thousand people at 2050. These orbits reveals that, China’s EVs development has a golden stage which will last 10 to 11 years; And before this booming stage, there is a slowly growth period which will last 7 to 8 years. Furthermore, under each scenario, the difference between EVs and ICEVs (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles) stock at 2030 is 4.69% to 6.77%, which confirms that China’s ambitious EVs program may be realized if government sets strong policy supports on this new industry persistently.

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Behavioural modelling and analysis of hybrid vehicle steering systems

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1243/095440703321645061 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 217 (5) ◽

pp. 349-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

V D Mills ◽

J R Wagner

Keyword(s):

Electric Motor ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Steering System ◽

Hybrid Vehicles ◽

Battery Pack ◽

Hydraulic Pump ◽

Power Steering ◽

Steer By Wire ◽

Steering Characteristics ◽

Hydraulic Power Steering

Hybrid vehicles integrate an internal combustion engine, electric motor with accompanying battery pack and generator, and potentially fuel cells to realize greater fuel economy and reduced emission levels. A variety of powertrain operating scenarios exist including engine with belt-driven generator, electric motor using battery pack and/or fuel cell and, finally, engine and electric motor. Automotive subsystems such as hydraulic power steering cannot be consistently powered by a conventional belt-driven hydraulic pump since the engine may be frequently turned off to conserve energy. Thus, a need exists to investigate the dynamic behaviour of various steering systems for hybrid vehicles in terms of platform steering characteristics and power consumption. In this paper, empirical and analytical mathematical models will be presented for power (e.g. hydraulic, electric and steer by wire) rack and pinion steering units. The influence of chassis, tyre-road interface and steering system non-linearities are introduced. Representative numerical results will be presented and discussed to investigate a vehicle's transient response for each steering system configuration.

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Comparison of Diesel Engine Efficiency and Combustion Characteristics Between Different Bore Engines

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4040092 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 140 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Jue Li ◽

Timothy J. Jacobs ◽

Tushar Bera ◽

Michael A. Parkes

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Combustion Characteristics ◽

Stroke Length ◽

Engine Load ◽

Engine Efficiency ◽

Brake Mean Effective Pressure ◽

The Difference

This study investigates the effects of engine bore size on diesel engine performance and combustion characteristics, including in-cylinder pressure, ignition delay, burn duration, and fuel conversion efficiency, using experiments between two diesel engines of different bore sizes. This study is part of a larger effort to discover how fuel property effects on combustion, engine efficiency, and emissions may change for differently sized engines. For this specific study, which is centered only on diagnosing the role of engine bore size on engine efficiency for a typical fuel, the engine and combustion characteristics are investigated at various injection timings between two differently sized engines. The two engines are nearly identical, except bore size, stroke length, and consequently displacement. Although most of this diagnosis is done with experimental results, a one-dimensional model is also used to calculate turbulence intensities with respect to geometric factors; these results help to explain observed differences in heat transfer characteristics of the two engines. The results are compared at the same brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and show that engine bore size has a significant impact on the indicated efficiency. It is found that the larger bore engine has a higher indicated efficiency than the smaller displaced engine. Although the larger engine has higher turbulence intensities, longer burn durations, and higher exhaust temperature, the lower surface area to volume ratio and lower reaction temperature leads to lower heat losses to the cylinder walls. The difference in the heat loss to the cylinder walls between the two engines is found to increase with increasing engine load. In addition, due to the smaller volume-normalized friction loss, the larger sized engine also has higher mechanical efficiency. In the net, since the brake efficiency is a function of indicated efficiency and mechanical efficiency, the larger sized engine has higher brake efficiency with the difference in brake efficiency between the two engines increasing with increasing engine load. In the interest of efficiency, larger bore designs for a given displacement (i.e., shorter strokes or few number of cylinders) could be a means for future efficiency gains.

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Credit to the Bicycle

Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2010-jul-5 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 132 (07) ◽

pp. 40-44

Author(s):

Frank Wicks

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Electric Power ◽

19Th Century ◽

Electric Motor ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Technological Innovations ◽

Full Circle ◽

Electric Bicycle ◽

The 19Th Century

This article focuses on the engineering credit that should be given to the bicycle designs and its hand in today’s technological innovations. Design improvements during the first 90 years of the bicycle’s history provided much of the initial technology that was extended to modern motorized forms of transportation. More important than the bicycle’s effect on the close of the 19th century was its influence on the 20th. The most common hybrid vehicle of the future may not be the now familiar four-wheel automobile combining an internal combustion engine and electric motor, but the electric bicycle that can be powered either by a rider’s muscles or energy stored in a battery. A development like that would be almost full circle. The only difference between that future and the first safety bicycle would be that electric power was harnessed along the way.

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