Perceptual Difference on HVAC Sound Quality between Electric and Conventional Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4189-4198
Author(s):  
Katsuya Yamauchi ◽  
Minori Dan ◽  
Federico Cioffi ◽  
Luigi Maffei ◽  
Massimiliano Masullo
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Sound Quality ◽  
Hvac System ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Vehicle Noise ◽  
The Difference

The heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is one of the most critical sources in in-vehicle noise environment, especially when cars are moving at low speed or at lower engine rotation. With the transition to electric vehicles (EV) from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), the contribution of powertrain becomes lower on the background noise inside car cabins. The authors have been conducting a collaborative research on HVAC sound quality inside car cabins. In this paper the results of a subjective evaluation of HVAC sound quality were presented, that attempted to compare the perceptual differences among the two groups, i.e. EVs and ICEVs. The result revealed the difference in the noise perception among the two types of vehicles especially softer air flow rate conditions.

Influence of steering vibration on vehicle speed recognition and comfortableness in cabin.

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. 1954-1962
Author(s):  
Eiji Yoshioka ◽  
Shin Itou ◽  
Junji Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Noise And Vibration ◽  
Vehicle Noise

In recent years, electric vehicles are becoming more popular. This transition makes interior noise and vibration smaller according to the engine rest and makes interior more comfortable. On the other hand, this reduction has a possibility to decrease important information for drivers. In this study, we focused on the steering vibration as the vehicle speed information and investigated the influence on the comfortableness in cabin for the compatibility through subjective evaluation test using a simple driving simulator. In the test, vehicle speed controlling task was given to the participants without speed meter at acceleration conditions. In addition, subjective evaluation about the comfortability to the presented sound and vibration was conducted after the speed recognition test. As the presented steering vibration, the following four patterns were prepared. 1: internal combustion engine noise and vibration with road and wind noise (background noise), 2: electric-powered vehicle noise without vibration (background noise without vibration), 3: tire vibration with background noise, 4: motor vibration with background noise. As the result, the steering vibration of internal combustion engine or motor was found to be suitable stimuli for compatibility between the speed recognition performance and the comfortability in cabin.

scholarly journals Intercultural Differences in the Perception of HVAC Sound Quality in Car Cabins: From Conventional to Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11431
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Masullo ◽  
Katsuya Yamauchi ◽  
Minori Dan ◽  
Federico Cioffi ◽  
Luigi Maffei
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Sound Quality ◽  
Japanese Subject ◽  
Remarkable Difference ◽  
Hvac System ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Japanese Group

In electric-powered cars, the production of which is increasing, the HVAC system is responsible for most of the noise inside the car’s cabin, causing significant discomfort for passengers. Moreover, the noise produced by the HVAC affects the perceptible sound inside the car cabin, significantly impacting the perceived quality of the vehicle. It is thus essential to investigate and quantify people’s preferences concerning HVAC noise. Our previous research revealed differences in the HVAC noise between hybrid electric (HEV) and internal combustion engine (ICEV) vehicles. A subsequent factor analysis revealed that the adjectives used to describe the sounds can be grouped into two main dimensions: Aesthetic and Loudness. The present paper highlights the results of a listening test that aimed to identify possible differences in the perception of HVACs’ sound quality between Italian and Japanese subject groups, for ICEV and HEV, in different functioning conditions. Results revealed that the most remarkable difference emerges at high air flow rates, where the Japanese group perceived the quality of sound and annoyance, respectively, to be significantly lower and significantly higher than the Italian group.

Electric Vehicle Forecasting for China from 2011 to 2050 Based on Scenario Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 128-129 ◽  
pp. 846-849
Author(s):  
Shi Jun Fu ◽  
Yu Long Ren
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Industry

With climate change being growing concerns, the development of EV (Electric Vehicles) has taken on an accelerated pace. This paper is to forecast China’s EV stock from 2011 to 2050 based on the double species growth model. We elaborate two orbits according to two scenarios: with vehicle stock being 200 and 300 per thousand people at 2050. These orbits reveals that, China’s EVs development has a golden stage which will last 10 to 11 years; And before this booming stage, there is a slowly growth period which will last 7 to 8 years. Furthermore, under each scenario, the difference between EVs and ICEVs (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles) stock at 2030 is 4.69% to 6.77%, which confirms that China’s ambitious EVs program may be realized if government sets strong policy supports on this new industry persistently.

Chinese Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) Prediction Based on the Double Species Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 918 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Shi Jun Fu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Industry

With climate change and energy security being growing concerns, Electric Vehicles (EVs) growth has taken on an accelerated pace. This research aims to predict Chinese EVs and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) stock in the forth coming 40 years. We introduce the double species model to fulfil this program, by solving the model and computer simulating, two trajectories for their growth under different scenarios400 vehicles and 500 vehicles per thousand people at 2050 year are obtained. It reveals that, (i) ICEVs is already in booming stage and will last 16-18 years. (ii) EVs has a golden stage which will last 13-14 years, and before this prospective stage, there is an initial slow growth period which will probably last 10-11 years. (iii) Under each scenario, the difference between EVs and ICEVs stock at year 2030 is 8.63%-10.13%, which confirms that Chinese ambitious EVs development program may be realized if government provides strong policy supports on this new industry. Its contribution is a new method to predict EVs as well as getting two interactive trajectories for EVs and ICEVs growth.

Sound Quality Evaluation for the Vehicle HVAC System After Active Noise Control

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
In Hyung Yang ◽  
O. Cheol Kwon ◽  
Jung Youn Lee ◽  
Jae-Eung Oh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Noise Control ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Active Noise Control ◽  
Sound Quality ◽  
Interior Noise ◽  
Hvac System ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Active Noise ◽  
Vehicle Interior Noise

The reduction of the Vehicle interior noise has been the main interest of NVH engineers. The driver’s perception on the vehicle noise is affected largely by psychoacoustic characteristic of the noise as well as the SPL. In particular, the HVAC sound among the vehicle interior noise has been reflected sensitively in the side of psychology. In previous study, we have developed to verify identification of source for the vehicle HVAC system through multiple-dimensional spectral analysis. Also we carried out objective assessments on the vehicle HVAC noises and subjective assessments have been already performed with 30 subjects. In this study, the linear regression models were obtained for the subjective evaluation and the sound quality metrics. The regression procedure also allows you to produce diagnostic statistics to evaluate the regression estimates including appropriation and accuracy. Appropriation of regression model is necessary to R2 value and F-value. And testing for regression model is necessary to Independence, Homoscedesticity and Normality. To enhance sound quality, we applied active noise control (ANC) which is effective in the low-frequency bandwidth. Primary noise of the HVAC system is less than 500Hz. As a result of ANC application, sound quality is improved by more quiet, powerful, expensive, smooth.

scholarly journals Sound Quality Estimation of Electric Vehicles Based on GA-BP Artificial Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Qian ◽  
Zhichao Hou ◽  
Dengke Sun
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Sound Quality ◽  
Quality Estimation ◽  
Sound Perception ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Mlr Model

The sound quality (SQ) and sound perception assessments of electric vehicles (EVs) clearly differ from those of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Therefore, it is essential to describe and evaluate the SQ of EVs. To evaluate the SQ in EVs, it is necessary to organize evaluators for conducting subjective jury tests, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In addition, the evaluation results are subject to the evaluators themselves and other external interferences. With the advancement of machine learning and artificial neural networks (ANNs), this problem can be well solved. This paper outlines a model for SQ estimation in EVs based on a genetic algorithm-optimized back propagation artificial neural network (GA-BP ANN). Moreover, the correlation between the physical-psychoacoustical parameters and the subjective SQ estimations obtained from the jury tests was investigated in this study. It was found that the GA-BP ANN SQ model has many advantages in comparison with the multiple linear regression (MLR) model in terms of precision and generalization. In addition, this method is ready to be applied for rapidly evaluating the SQ in EVs without jury tests, and it can also be of high significance in dealing with the acoustical designs and improvements of EVs in the future.

Measurement and Assessment on Environmental Noise Impact of Electric Vehicles in Accelerating Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4199-4210
Author(s):  
Katsuya Yamauchi ◽  
Jo Yoshino
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
Sound Power ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Sound Power Level ◽  
Noise Impact ◽  
The Difference

Noise emission from the vehicles propelled by electric system (such as pure electric and hybrid electric vehicles, EVs) is usually lower than the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Some previous studies have been shown the difference in A-weighted sound power level of EVs from the conventional ones. The difference is not dramatically large, i.e. less than 4 dB when the cars running at constant speed of 20 km/h. In this paper, we present the additional measurement results of sound power level of EVs in accelerating condition. Because when the cars in accelerating condition, the difference of propulsion systems becomes more significant on noise emission. The results are shown as regression model of sound power level depending on the vehicle speed. Moreover, the environmental noise impact of growing population of EVs is assessed through a prediction of at a case of intersection.

A review on powertrain subsystems and charging technology in battery electric vehicles: Current and future trends

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110259
Author(s):  
Kunal Wagh ◽  
Pankaj Dhatrak
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Battery Technology

The transport industry is a major contributor to both local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). The key challenge today is to mitigate the adverse impacts on the environment caused by road transportation. The volatile market prices and diminishing supplies of fuel have led to an unprecedented interest in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). In addition, improvements in motor efficiencies and significant advances in battery technology have made it easier for BEVs to compete with internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. This paper describes and assesses the latest technologies in different elements of the BEV: powertrain architectures, propulsion and regeneration systems, energy storage systems and charging techniques. The current and future trends of these technologies have been reviewed in detail. Finally, the key issue of electric vehicle component recycling (battery, motor and power electronics) has been discussed. Global emission regulations are pushing the industry towards zero or ultra-low emission vehicles. Thus, by 2025, most cars must have a considerable level of powertrain electrification. As the market share of electric vehicles increases, clear trends have emerged in the development of powertrain systems. However, some significant barriers must be overcome before appreciable market penetration can be achieved. The objective of the current study is to review and provide a complete picture of the current BEV technology and a framework to assist future research in the sector.

scholarly journals The Development of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars in Rzeszow City—Poland. A Preliminary Assessment of the Results Produced by the Increase of E-Fleet

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Mądziel ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Artur Jaworski ◽  
Giovanni Tesoriere
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Particulate Concentration ◽  
The Impact

Urban agglomerations close to road infrastructure are particularly exposed to harmful exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and this problem is exacerbated at road intersections. Roundabouts are one of the most popular intersection designs in recent years, making traffic flow smoother and safer, but especially at peak times they are subject to numerous stop-and-go operations by vehicles, which increase the dispersion of emissions with high particulate matter rates. The study focused on a specific area of the city of Rzeszow in Poland. This country is characterized by the current composition of vehicle fleets connected to combustion engine vehicles. The measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) by means of a preliminary survey campaign in the vicinity of the intersection made it possible to assess the impact of vehicle traffic on the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The present report presents some strategies to be implemented in the examined area considering a comparison of current and project scenarios characterized both by a modification of the road geometry (through the introduction of a turbo roundabout) and the composition of the vehicular flow with the forthcoming diffusion of electric vehicles. The study presents an exemplified methodology for comparing scenarios aimed at optimizing strategic choices for the local administration and also shows the benefits of an increased electric fleet. By processing the data with specific tools and comparing the scenarios, it was found that a conversion of 25% of the motor vehicles to electric vehicles in the current fleet has reduced the concentration of PM10 by about 30% along the ring road, has led to a significant reduction in the length of particulate concentration of the motorway, and it has also led to a significant reduction in the length of the particulate concentration for the access roads to the intersection.

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