scholarly journals Parametric multi-objective energy and cost analysis in the life cycle of nearly zero energy buildings − an exhaustive search approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Tobias Weiss ◽  
Christoph Moser ◽  
David Venus ◽  
Björn Berggren ◽  
Ase Togerro
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Exhaustive Search ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Search Approach

Possible cost saving potentials in planning and construction of high performing nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) with advanced energy standards are often not sufficiently assessed, as only a few, out of numerous possible variants of technology sets are considered in the traditional planning process. Often planning and analysis are not carried out in parallel, and the alternative technical options are discarded at an early stage. If, on the other hand, possible variants are realistically compared in the planning phase, a profound decision can be made. nZEB-design is also a multi-objective optimization problem where stakeholder interests' conflict with each other. This research addresses a methodological approach to better understand the effects that technical variables have on energy, environmental and economic performance over the whole life cycle of a multi-family residential building in Sweden. The research goal is to identify the most significant technical nZEB design variables organized into a consistent framework. In this paper, in a first step an exhaustive search method is assessed for a multi-family residential building in Sweden that systematically investigates all possible variant combinations. In a second step the derived results are applied to multiple objectives and optimisation goals for a multi-target decision-making framework so that different actors can decide between optimal solutions for different objectives. This approach seeks to explore a set of optimal solutions rather than to find a single optimal solution. On the one hand, a variety of technologies, such as insulation of the building envelope, ventilation or electricity and heat supply, and on the other hand a variation of the boundary conditions (such as observation period, user behaviour, energy price increases or CO2 costs) was investigated. The results were analysed energetically and economically over the life cycle of the building with the objectives of identifying coherences, deriving trends and optimizations over a time span of 40 years. The results show that the variance in the financing costs (20%) and the net present value (15%) is relatively low, whereas the primary energy demand (66%) and the CO2 (73%) emission vary in a broader range. The optimum cost curve in relation to CO2 emissions is very flat. Low emissions and energy requirements can, therefore, be achieved with different energy concepts as long as the envelope is very efficient. Due to the nature of an exhaustive search approach, it is also possible to find technical solution sets and design strategies with nearly equal financing cost and/or net present values, but with less primary energy consumption and/or CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Cost Optimum Design of Zero-Energy Residential Building

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ario Bintang Koesalamwardi ◽  
Susy Fatena Rostiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Housing Design ◽  
Zero Energy Building

The continuous growth of population in sub-urban areas leads to increasing demand for mid-rise housing. Recent studies found that greenhouse gas emission in Indonesia continues to escalate at an alarming rate, and housing development is considered as one of the greenhouse gas contributors. Zero-Energy Residential Building, a highly energy efficient and low carbon housing design concept, is regarded as the answer for this environmental issue. Application of Zero-Energy Residential Building concept can reach almost zero sites electrical consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emission since this concept utilizes clean and renewable energy sources, e.g. solar cell, to generate electricity independently. However, this design concept has not been implemented widely since the utilization of solar panels, and other energy conservation components are still too expensive. This study is proposed to find out an optimum combination of design parameters that contribute to cost optimization housing design using sequential search algorithm. Comprehensive study literature and experiment using software are applied in this research. Hence, using the parameter combination in designing a mid-rise dense housing and Zero-Energy Building concept can generate optimum life cycle cost performance. As a result, the study concludes that the life cycle cost of optimized mid-rise Zero-Energy Building is better than the conventional mid-rise housing with annual electrical cost saving up to 98 percent.

scholarly journals Life cycle cost and life cycle energy in zero-energy building by multi-objective optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 5612-5626
Author(s):  
Chen She ◽  
Rui Jia ◽  
Bei-Ning Hu ◽  
Ze-Kun Zheng ◽  
Yi-Peng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Zero Energy Building

THE EFFECTS OF SUPERNUMERARY CHROMATIN IN THREE SPECIES OF GRASSHOPPER

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert L. Schroeter ◽  
Godfrey M. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Chiasma Frequency ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

The chiasma frequencies in males of three species of grasshopper with and without B-chromosomes and supernumerary segments were scored at diplotene. The partially heterochromatic B's found in some individuals of Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica have no effect on chiasma frequencies. On the other hand, heterochromatic supernumerary segments in Oedaleonotus phryneicus males significantly increase the mean chiasma frequencies over individuals without them but not the between-cell variances. In Camnula pellucida neither the mitotically unstable B's nor supernumerary segments have any apparent effect on chiasma.frequencies. The supernumerary elements in Chimarocephala pacifica and Camnula pellucida may, however, produce other effects during the life cycle These and previous observations suggest that polymorphism involving extra genetic material in grasshoppers can result in increased population variability via two different means: (1) by producing variation in chiasma frequency or (2) through direct effects in the individuals possessing it. The importance of such a mechanism for producing variation is discussed.

Dissociation of the protective immune response in the mouse to Strongyloides ratti

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Grove ◽  
Carolyn Northern
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Protective Immune Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACTThe generation of protective immunity by various stages in the life-cycle of Strongyloides ratti and the phases against which resistance is directed has been examined in murine strongyloidiasis. Mice were exposed to natural, complete infections, were treated with thiabendazole (which largely resembles the natural infection), were treated with cambendazole (which restricts infection to the larval stage), or infected directly by oral transfer of adult worms. Mice that were infected with infective larvae alone did not become resistant to infective larvae or the complete infection but were resistant to adult worms implanted directly into the gut. Mice exposed to adult worms alone were resistant to natural infections and adults worms implanted directly but were not resistant to infective larvae. On the other hand, mice that had received prior natural infections showed evidence of resistance to infective larvae, adult worms, and natural, complete infections. It is concluded that there is immunological cross-reactivity between infective larvae and adult worms but that under certain circumstances the infective larvae are able to evade the host's protective immune response.

scholarly journals Sustainability in Clusters: Proposal of a Conceptual Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-241
Author(s):  
Fabiano Larentis ◽  
Rafael Giovanella ◽  
Tatiane Pellin Cislaghi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Relationship

The growing industrial restructure and movements of cooperation, increase pressures by reducing costs and increasing productivity, thus it has generated the formation of new arrangements between the companies, with focus on clusters. The clusters are formed when the similar areas and geographical aspects are concentrated and where the expertise and innovation are essential for companies to reach markets beyond their borders. On the other hand, one of the challenges in developing a cluster is related to its sustainability, in the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Thus, in this essay, we propose a conceptual model that addresses the relationship between clusters and sustainability, taking into account the perspective of networks. Such a model, spiral shaped, involves basic (actors, governance mechanisms, resources and location), intermediate (cluster strength and openness, integration and adaptation, knowledge creation / inventory and movement, exploitation and exploration actions) and resulting aspects (performance and sustainability of the cluster), in a context of life cycle and environmental dynamics.

Early Adopters and Early Majority

2008 ◽  
pp. 229-244
Author(s):  
Toru Higuchi ◽  
Marvin Troutt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Diffusion Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Reasonable Price

In this chapter, the characteristics and the role of the early adopters and early majority are reviewed from the life cycle perspective following the VCR case study. Both of these groups of consumers purchase a mature or more advanced product at a reasonable price. Their adoption demonstrates that the product performance has enough future possibilities. On the other hand, manufacturers should expand their manufacturing facilities quickly because the demand starts growing dramatically. The early adopters (13.6 percent) are almost six times as many as innovators (2.3 percent) and the early majority (34.1 percent) is about 2.5 times as many as early adopters. Once a diffusion process starts, the spread is very rapid in the first group.

scholarly journals INSULATION EXPEDIENCE OF THE EXTERNAL ENVELOPES OF THE BUILDING IN TERMS OF 2E CRITERIA / PASTATO IŠORINIŲ ATITVARŲ APŠILTINIMO TIKSLINGUMAS 2E RODIKLIŲ POŽIŪRIU

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-413
Author(s):  
Mantas Kijevičius ◽  
Kęstutis Valančius
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

The paper analyses the insulation expediency of the external envelopes of the building with reference to 2E (energy – primary energy consumption and environmental – CO2 emissions) criteria and presents an overview of thermal insulation and studies on other structural elements based on life cycle analysis. The object of research is a typical residential building. The article determines different insulation materials of external envelopes, primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions by insulating walls from F to B and from B to A ++ class. Graphical interpretation shows primary energy, CO2 and the payback period of 60 years. Also, the paper considers primary energy and CO2 emissions distributed at various life cycle stages. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas pastato išorinių atitvarų apšiltinimo tikslingumas 2E (energiniu ­– pirminės energijos sąnaudų ir ekologiniu – CO2 – išmetalų) kriterijų požiūriu. Apžvelgti teoriniai darbai, kuriuose statybinės medžiagos nagrinėjamos pirminės energijos ir poveikio aplinkai vertinimo (PAV) požiūriu. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas gyvenamosios paskirties pastatas. Nagrinėjamos skirtingos išorinių atitvarų termoizoliacinės medžiagos, nustatomi pirminės energijos kiekiai ir CO2 išmetalai apšiltinant atitvaras nuo F iki B ir nuo B iki A++ pastato energinės klasės. Vertinama pagal gyvavimo ciklo analizės metodiką. Pateikiama grafinė interpretacija, rodanti sutaupytos pirminės energijos ir CO2 kiekius per 60 metų laikotarpį, identifikuojamos energetiškai ir ekologiškai priimtiniausios termoizoliacinės medžiagos pastatams apšiltinti.

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