scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Mandible Fractures-Level 3 Tutorial

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽  
Laurent Audigé ◽  
Christoph Kunz ◽  
Randal Rudderman ◽  
Carlos H. Buitrago-Téllez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Mandibular Arch ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Mandible Fractures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trauma Sequelae

This tutorial outlines the details of the AOCMF image-based classification system for fractures of the mandibular arch (i.e. the non-condylar mandible) at the precision level 3. It is the logical expansion of the fracture allocation to topographic mandibular sites outlined in level 2, and is based on three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques/computed tomography (CT)/cone beam CT). Level 3 allows an anatomical description of the individual conditions of the mandibular arch such as the preinjury dental state and the degree of alveolar atrophy. Trauma sequelae are then addressed: (1) tooth injuries and periodontal trauma, (2) fracture involvement of the alveolar process, (3) the degree of fracture fragmentation in three categories (none, minor, and major), and (4) the presence of bone loss. The grading of fragmentation needs a 3D evaluation of the fracture area, allowing visualization of the outer and inner mandibular cortices. To document these fracture features beyond topography the alphanumeric codes are supplied with distinctive appendices. This level 3 tutorial is accompanied by a brief survey of the peculiarities of the edentulous atrophic mandible. Illustrations and a few case examples serve as instruction and reference to improve the understanding and application of the presented features.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Midface Fractures - Level 2 Tutorial

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Kunz ◽  
Laurent Audigé ◽  
Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽  
Carlos H. Buitrago-Téllez ◽  
John Frodel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Fracture Location ◽  
Midface Fracture ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fracture Mapping ◽  
Le Fort Classification ◽  
Level 2

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. The highest level 1 system distinguish four major anatomical units including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94). This tutorial presents the level 2 system for the midface unit that concentrates on the location of the fractures within defined regions in the central (upper, intermediate, and lower) and lateral (zygoma, pterygoid) midface, as well as the internal orbit and palate. The level 2 midface fracture location outlines the topographic boundaries of the anatomical regions. The common nasoorbitoethmoidal and zygoma en bloc fracture patterns, as well as the time-honored Le Fort classification are taken into account. This tutorial is organized in a sequence of sections dealing with the description of the classification system with illustrations of the topographical cranial midface regions along with rules for fracture location and coding, a series of case examples with clinical imaging and a general discussion on the design of this classification. Individual fracture mapping in these regions regarding severity, fragmentation, displacement of the fragment or bone defect is addressed in a more detailed level 3 system in the subsequent articles.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Fracture Case Collection, Diagnostic Imaging Work Up, AOCOIAC Iconography and Coding

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽  
Christoph Kunz ◽  
Andreas Neff ◽  
Robert M. Kellman ◽  
Joachim Prein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
Ao Classification ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Fracture Diagnosis ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Case Collection ◽  
Electronic Content ◽  
Work Up

The AO classification system for fractures in the adult craniomaxillofacial (CMF) skeleton is organized in anatomic modules in a 3 precision-level hierarchy with account for an increasing complexity and details. Level-1 is most elementary and identifies no more than the presence of fractures in 4 separate anatomical units: the mandible (code 91), midface (92), skull base (93) and cranial vault (94). Level-2 relates the detailed topographic location of the fractures within defined regions of the mandible, central and lateral midface, internal orbit, endo- and exocranial skull base, and the cranial vault. Level-3 is based on an even more refined topographic assessment and focuses on the morphology — fragmentation, displacement, and bone defects — within specified subregions. An electronic fracture case collection complements the preceding tutorial papers, which explain the features and options of the AOCMF classification system in this issue of the Journal. The electronic case collection demonstrates a range of representative osseous CMF injuries on the basis of diagnostic images, narrative descriptions of the fracture diagnosis and their classification using the icons for illustration and coding of a dedicated software AOCOIAC (AO Comprehensive Injury Automatic Classifier). Ninety four case examples are listed in two tables for a fast overview of the electronic content. Each case can serve as a guide to getting started with the new AOCMF classification system using AOCOIAC software and to employ it in the own clinical practice.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Mandible Fractures- Level 2 Tutorial

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽  
Laurent Audigté ◽  
Christoph Kunz ◽  
Randal Rudderman ◽  
Carlos H. Buitrago-Téllez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mandible Fractures ◽  
Level 2

This tutorial outlines the details of the AOCMF image-based classification system for fractures of the mandible at the precision level 2 allowing description of their topographical distribution. A short introduction about the anatomy is made. Mandibular fractures are classified by the anatomic regions involved. For this purpose, the mandible is delineated into an array of nine regions identified by letters: the symphysis/parasymphysis region anteriorly, two body regions on each lateral side, combined angle and ascending ramus regions, and finally the condylar and coronoid processes. A precise definition of the demarcation lines between these regions is given for the unambiguous allocation of fractures. Four transition zones allow an accurate topographic assignment if fractures end up in or run across the borders of anatomic regions. These zones are defined between angle/ramus and body, and between body and symphysis/parasymphysis. A fracture is classified as “confined” as long as it is located within a region, in contrast to a fracture being “nonconfined” when it extents to an adjoining region. Illustrations and case examples of mandible fractures are presented to become familiar with the classification procedure in daily routine.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification: Skull Base and Cranial Vault Fractures — Level 2 and 3 Tutorial

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Ieva ◽  
Laurent Audigé ◽  
Robert M. Kellman ◽  
Kevin A. Shumrick ◽  
Helmut Ringl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Base Surface ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Fracture Location ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 2

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. The highest level 1 system distinguish four major anatomical units, including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94). This tutorial presents the level 2 and more detailed level 3 systems for the skull base and cranial vault units. The level 2 system describes fracture location outlining the topographic boundaries of the anatomic regions, considering in particular the endocranial and exocranial skull base surfaces. The endocranial skull base is divided into nine regions; a central skull base adjoining a left and right side are divided into the anterior, middle, and posterior skull base. The exocranial skull base surface and cranial vault are divided in regions defined by the names of the bones involved: frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones. The level 3 system allows assessing fracture morphology described by the presence of fracture fragmentation, displacement, and bone loss. A documentation of associated intracranial diagnostic features is proposed. This tutorial is organized in a sequence of sections dealing with the description of the classification system with illustrations of the topographical skull base and cranial vault regions along with rules for fracture location and coding, a series of case examples with clinical imaging and a general discussion on the design of this classification.

Quantification of Tumor Blush of Highly Vascularized Tumors with Slow Feeding System: Representative Use for Giant Pituitary Adenomas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Ogawa ◽  
Kenichi Sato ◽  
Toshiki Endo ◽  
Teiji Tominaga
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Preoperative Imaging ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Cavernous Sinus Invasion ◽  
Giant Pituitary Adenomas

abstract Background Modern imaging techniques can identify adverse factors for tumor removal such as cavernous sinus invasion before surgery, but surgeries for giant pituitary adenomas often reveal discrepancies between preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings because pituitary adenomas have feeding arteries with narrow diameters. Current imaging methods are not suitable for tumors with not only large vascular beds but also slow arterial filling. Patients and Methods This prospective study recruited 13 male subjects and 9 female subjects with giant pituitary adenomas between November 2011 and 2018. All the patients were investigated with three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, bone image computerized tomography (CT), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) using a C-arm cone-beam CT scanner with a flat-panel detector and 50% diluted contrast medium. Fine angioarchitecture was evaluated and the tumor blush was quantified using newly developed region of interest (ROI) analysis to establish surgical strategies. Results Seven patients demonstrated no or very faint tumor blushes. In these patients, feeding arteries run centripetally from the surface of the tumor. Fifteen patients showed significant tumor blushes, and the feeding arteries penetrated centrifugally from the inferoposterior pole to the upper pole of the tumor. All the patients were treated according to the angiographic information with successful hemostasis. The patients showed improvement and/or disappearance of the neurologic deficits. The faint and significant blush groups showed significant differences in intraoperative bleeding (p < 0.01) and operation time (p < 0.05). Conclusion Specialized evaluation focused on vascularization is required for successful therapy of giant pituitary adenomas.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Orbital Fractures - Level 3 Tutorial

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 92-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Kunz ◽  
Laurent Audigé ◽  
Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽  
Carlos H. Buitrago-Téllez ◽  
Randal Rudderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Orbital Fractures ◽  
Superior Orbital Fissure ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Lacrimal Bone ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Inferior Orbital Fissure

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. Within the midface (level 1 code 92), the level 2 system describes the location of the fractures within defined regions in the central and lateral midface including the internal orbit. This tutorial outlines the level 3 detailed classification system for fractures of the orbit. It depicts the orbital fractures according to the subregions defined as orbital rims, anterior orbital walls, midorbit, and apex. The system allows documentation of the involvement of specific orbital structures such as inferior orbital fissure, internal orbital buttress, the greater wing of sphenoid, lacrimal bone, superior orbital fissure, and optic canal. The classification system is presented along with rules for fracture location and coding, a series of case examples with clinical imaging and a general discussion on the design of this classification.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Classification and Documentation within AOCOIAC Software

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 114-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Audigé ◽  
Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽  
Christoph Kunz ◽  
Carlos H. Buitrago-Téllez ◽  
Joachim Prein
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Clinical Documentation ◽  
Fracture Classification ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial (CMF) fracture classification system. The fundamental level 1 distinguishes four major anatomical units including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93) and cranial vault (code 94); level 2 relates to the location of the fractures within defined topographical regions within each units; level 3 relates to fracture morphology in these regions regarding fragmentation, displacement, and bone defects, as well as the involvement of specific anatomical structures. The resulting CMF classification system has been implemented into AO comprehensive injury automatic classifier (AOCOIAC) software allowing for fracture classification as well as clinical documentation of individual cases including a selected sample of diagnostic images. This tutorial highlights the main features of the software. In addition, a series of illustrative case examples is made available electronically for viewing and editing.

Mitochondrial Reconstructions Based on Serial Thick Sections and HVEM

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
Jerome J. Paulin
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Stereo Imaging ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Mitochondrial Reticulum

Within the past decade it has become apparent that HVEM offers the biologist a means to explore the three-dimensional structure of cells and/or organelles. Stereo-imaging of thick sections (e.g. 0.25-10 μm) not only reveals anatomical features of cellular components, but also reduces errors of interpretation associated with overlap of structures seen in thick sections. Concomitant with stereo-imaging techniques conventional serial Sectioning methods developed with thin sections have been adopted to serial thick sections (≥ 0.25 μm). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the chondriome of several species of trypanosomatid flagellates have been made from tracings of mitochondrial profiles on cellulose acetate sheets. The sheets are flooded with acetone, gluing them together, and the model sawed from the composite and redrawn.The extensive mitochondrial reticulum can be seen in consecutive thick sections of (0.25 μm thick) Crithidia fasciculata (Figs. 1-2). Profiles of the mitochondrion are distinguishable from the anterior apex of the cell (small arrow, Fig. 1) to the posterior pole (small arrow, Fig. 2).

Semi-automated methods for 3-D reconstruction of macromolecular complexes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
B. Carragher ◽  
M. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Macromolecular Complexes ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Experienced Operator ◽  
Projection Images ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Symmetry

Techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular complexes from electron micrographs have been successfully used for many years. These include methods which take advantage of the natural symmetry properties of the structure (for example helical or icosahedral) as well as those that use single axis or other tilting geometries to reconstruct from a set of projection images. These techniques have traditionally relied on a very experienced operator to manually perform the often numerous and time consuming steps required to obtain the final reconstruction. While the guidance and oversight of an experienced and critical operator will always be an essential component of these techniques, recent advances in computer technology, microprocessor controlled microscopes and the availability of high quality CCD cameras have provided the means to automate many of the individual steps.During the acquisition of data automation provides benefits not only in terms of convenience and time saving but also in circumstances where manual procedures limit the quality of the final reconstruction.

Image formation analysis of thick biological specimens using three-dimensional power-spectra of through focus series

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
Karen F. Han
Keyword(s):  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Image Formation ◽  
Energy Filtering ◽  
Ewald Sphere ◽  
Nonlinear Imaging

The primary focus in our laboratory is the study of higher order chromatin structure using three dimensional electron microscope tomography. Three dimensional tomography involves the deconstruction of an object by combining multiple projection views of the object at different tilt angles, image intensities are not always accurate representations of the projected object mass density, due to the effects of electron-specimen interactions and microscope lens aberrations. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanism of image formation is important for interpreting the images. The image formation for thick biological specimens has been analyzed by using both energy filtering and Ewald sphere constructions. Surprisingly, there is a significant amount of coherent transfer for our thick specimens. The relative amount of coherent transfer is correlated with the relative proportion of elastically scattered electrons using electron energy loss spectoscopy and imaging techniques.Electron-specimen interactions include single and multiple, elastic and inelastic scattering. Multiple and inelastic scattering events give rise to nonlinear imaging effects which complicates the interpretation of collected images.

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