Mitochondrial Reconstructions Based on Serial Thick Sections and HVEM

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
Jerome J. Paulin
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Stereo Imaging ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Mitochondrial Reticulum

Within the past decade it has become apparent that HVEM offers the biologist a means to explore the three-dimensional structure of cells and/or organelles. Stereo-imaging of thick sections (e.g. 0.25-10 μm) not only reveals anatomical features of cellular components, but also reduces errors of interpretation associated with overlap of structures seen in thick sections. Concomitant with stereo-imaging techniques conventional serial Sectioning methods developed with thin sections have been adopted to serial thick sections (≥ 0.25 μm). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the chondriome of several species of trypanosomatid flagellates have been made from tracings of mitochondrial profiles on cellulose acetate sheets. The sheets are flooded with acetone, gluing them together, and the model sawed from the composite and redrawn.The extensive mitochondrial reticulum can be seen in consecutive thick sections of (0.25 μm thick) Crithidia fasciculata (Figs. 1-2). Profiles of the mitochondrion are distinguishable from the anterior apex of the cell (small arrow, Fig. 1) to the posterior pole (small arrow, Fig. 2).

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Robert Glaeser ◽  
Thomas Bauer ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

Prenatal Diagnosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 334-342
Author(s):  
John H. DiLiberti ◽  
Mark A. Greenstein ◽  
Sally Shulman Rosengren
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prenatal Testing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Computerized Image Processing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family History Assessment ◽  
Additional Explanation ◽  
Pediatric Disorders

The enormous progress witnessed in the field of prenatal diagnosis during the past two decades is likely to continue into the future. Improved imaging techniques are likely to enhance the resolution of noninvasively obtained fetal images considerably over their current excellent quality. Although this undoubtedly will be true for ultrasonography, the increased speed of magnetic resonance equipment may offer a new realm of imaging possibilities. Computerized image processing, analysis, and three-dimensional reconstructions all should make interpretation of fetal images easier and more understandable to the nonspecialist. Advances in molecular genetics will continue to accelerate, greatly expanding the range and accuracy of prenatal diagnosis. The alert pediatrician who is sensitive to genetic issues may, by early detection of pediatric disorders and careful family history assessment, be in a position to identify families at risk for serious genetic conditions and provide the opportunity to make informed decisions on reproductive options that avert a major tragedy. The pediatrician, working with obstetric colleagues, should be part of a team effort to support families going through prenatal testing. Familiarity with these rapidly changing technologies will make it far easier to support the family needing additional explanation about prenatal diagnosis issues.

scholarly journals Surgical and Radiological Anatomy of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cadaveric Study

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2076
Author(s):  
Vasileios Raoulis ◽  
Apostolos Fyllos ◽  
Michail E. Klontzas ◽  
Dimitrios Chytas ◽  
Vasileios Mitrousias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Quadriceps Tendon ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Radiological Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Features

The purpose of this study was to compare the measurement of several anatomical features of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and by direct fashion during dissection. We hypothesized that the measurements between these two techniques would agree. MRI of 30 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees was followed by dissection. MPFL patella and femoral attachment were evaluated; their shape, length, and width were measured; and measurements were compared. MRI was deemed unreliable for the determination of several of the aforementioned anatomical features. Important findings include: (a) observations on MPFL attachment at medial patella side and attachment to quadriceps were identical between dissection and MRI; (b) average width at patella insertion was significantly different between the two methods (p = 0.002); and (c) an attachment to the quadriceps tendon was present in 20/30 specimens and d. detailed measurements of a thin, non-linear, and three-dimensional structure, such as the MPFL, cannot be performed on MRI, due to technical difficulties. This anatomical radiological study highlights the shape, anatomical measurements (length and width), and attachment of the MPFL using a relatively large cadaveric sample and suggests that MRI is not reliable for detailed imaging of its three-dimensional anatomy.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional reconstruction of the Z disk of sectioned bee flight muscle.

1989 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 1761-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Q Cheng ◽  
J F Deatherage
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Cross Links

The three-dimensional structure of the central region of the Z disk of honeybee flight muscle has been determined to a resolution of 70 A by three-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of tilted thin sections. The reconstructions show a complex assembly in which actin filaments terminate and are cross-linked together; a number of structural domains of this network are resolved in quantitative three-dimensional detail. The central region of the Z disk contains two sets of overlapping actin filaments of opposite polarity, which originate in the sarcomeres adjacent to the Z disk, and connections between these filaments. The filaments are deflected by the attachment of cross-links; spacing between filaments change by greater than 100 A during their passage through the Z disk. Each actin filament is linked by connecting structures to four filaments of opposite polarity and two filaments are of the same polarity. Four types of connecting density domain are observed in association with pairs of filaments of opposite polarity: C1, C2, C3, and C5. Two of these, C3 and C5, are associated with the ends of actin filaments. Another connection, C4, is associated with three filaments of the same polarity; C4 is threefold symmetric.

scholarly journals Rigorous performance evaluation in protein structure modelling and implications for computational biology

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1467) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Moult
Keyword(s):  
Computational Biology ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Detailed Picture

In principle, given the amino acid sequence of a protein, it is possible to compute the corresponding three-dimensional structure. Methods for modelling structure based on this premise have been under development for more than 40 years. For the past decade, a series of community wide experiments (termed Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP)) have assessed the state of the art, providing a detailed picture of what has been achieved in the field, where we are making progress, and what major problems remain. The rigorous evaluation procedures of CASP have been accompanied by substantial progress. Lessons from this area of computational biology suggest a set of principles for increasing rigor in the field as a whole.

scholarly journals Arrangement of filaments and cross-links in the bee flight muscle Z disk by image analysis of oblique sections.

1989 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 1775-1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
J F Deatherage ◽  
N Q Cheng ◽  
B Bullard
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thick Filament ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Central Plane ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Rotation Axes

Information from oblique thin sections and from three-dimensional reconstructions of tilted, transverse thin sections (Cheng, N., and J. F. Deatherage. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:1761-1774) has been combined to determine the three-dimensional structure of the honeybee flight muscle Z disk at 70-A resolution. The overall symmetry and structure of the Z disk and its relationship to the rest of the myofibril have been determined by tracing filaments and connecting elements on electron images of oblique sections which have been enhanced by a local crystallographic averaging technique. In the three-dimensional structure, the connecting density between actin filaments can be described as five compact, crystallographically nonequivalent domains. Features C1 and C2 are located on the transverse twofold rotation axes in the central plane of the Z disk. They are associated with the sides of actin filaments of opposite polarity. Features C3, C4, and C5 are present in two symmetry-related sets which are located on opposite sides of the central plane. C3 and C5 are each associated with two filaments of opposite polarity, interacting with the side of one filament and the end of the other filament. C3 and C5 may be involved in stabilizing actin filament ends inside the Z disk. The location of the threefold symmetric connection C4, relative to the thick filament of the adjacent sarcomere, is determined and its possible relationship to the C filament is considered.

Structural Topology Optimization Under Impact Loads Using Beam Ground Structures

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro A. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Optimal Topology ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Structural Topology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solid Finite Elements ◽  
Ground Structures

This work presents a methodology to find the optimal topology of a three-dimensional structure subject to impact loads, using the approach of ground structure. The method uses of the concept of topology optimization as a material allocation problem, which has been successfully used in the past to design structures modeled with shell and solid finite elements in the automotive industry. A simple example is shown to demonstrate the method.

Structural biology of Cl

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Arlaud ◽  
C. Gaboriaud ◽  
N. M. Thielens ◽  
V. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Classical Complement Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Resolution Model ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Classical Complement

The classical complement pathway is a major element of innate immunity against infection, and is also involved in immune tolerance, graft rejection and various pathologies. This pathway is triggered by C1, a multimolecular protease formed from the association of a recognition protein, C1q, and a catalytic subunit, the calcium-dependent tetramer C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s, which comprises two copies of each of the modular proteases C1r and C1s. All activators of the pathway are recognized by the C1q moiety of C1, a process that generates a conformational signal that triggers self-activation of C1r, which in turn activates C1s, the enzyme that mediates specific cleavage of C4 and C2, the C1 substrates. Early work based on biochemical and electron microscopy studies has allowed characterization of the domain structure of the C1 subcomponents and led to a low-resolution model of the complex in which the elongated C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s tetramer folds into a compact, figure-of-8-shaped conformation upon interaction with C1q. The strategy used over the past decade was based on a dissection of the C1 proteins into modular segments to characterize their function and solve their three-dimensional structure by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy. This approach allows deep insights into the structure-function relationships of C1, particularly with respect to the assembly of the C1 complex and the mechanisms underlying its activation and proteolytic activity.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional ultrasound scanning

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Fenster ◽  
Grace Parraga ◽  
Jeff Bax
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Imaging Systems ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cost Effective Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

The past two decades have witnessed developments of new imaging techniques that provide three-dimensional images about the interior of the human body in a manner never before available. Ultrasound (US) imaging is an important cost-effective technique used routinely in the management of a number of diseases. However, two-dimensional viewing of three-dimensional anatomy, using conventional two-dimensional US, limits our ability to quantify and visualize the anatomy and guide therapy, because multiple two-dimensional images must be integrated mentally. This practice is inefficient, and may lead to variability and incorrect diagnoses. Investigators and companies have addressed these limitations by developing three-dimensional US techniques. Thus, in this paper, we review the various techniques that are in current use in three-dimensional US imaging systems, with a particular emphasis placed on the geometric accuracy of the generation of three-dimensional images. The principles involved in three-dimensional US imaging are then illustrated with a diagnostic and an interventional application: (i) three-dimensional carotid US imaging for quantification and monitoring of carotid atherosclerosis and (ii) three-dimensional US-guided prostate biopsy.

scholarly journals Perspective: Extending the Utility of Three-Dimensional Organoids by Tissue Clearing Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuo A. Susaki ◽  
Minoru Takasato
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Labeling ◽  
Tissue Clearing ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
3D Imaging Techniques

An organoid, a self-organizing organ-like tissue developed from stem cells, can exhibit a miniaturized three-dimensional (3D) structure and part of the physiological functions of the original organ. Due to the reproducibility of tissue complexity and ease of handling, organoids have replaced real organs and animals for a variety of uses, such as investigations of the mechanisms of organogenesis and disease onset, and screening of drug effects and/or toxicity. The recent advent of tissue clearing and 3D imaging techniques have great potential contributions to organoid studies by allowing the collection and analysis of 3D images of whole organoids with a reasonable throughput and thus can expand the means of examining the 3D architecture, cellular components, and variability among organoids. Genetic and histological cell-labeling methods, together with organoid clearing, also allow visualization of critical structures and cellular components within organoids. The collected 3D data may enable image analysis to quantitatively assess structures within organoids and sensitively/effectively detect abnormalities caused by perturbations. These capabilities of tissue/organoid clearing and 3D imaging techniques not only extend the utility of organoids in basic biology but can also be applied for quality control of clinical organoid production and large-scale drug screening.

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