EXPERIMENTAL THROMBUS FORMATION AND HAEMOSTASIS OF DIFFERENT LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS AND DOSAGES

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Zimmerman ◽  
C T Rieger ◽  
K Hübner ◽  
C W Harenber ◽  
W Kübler

Low molecular weight heparin induces a higher anti factor Xa (a-Xa) and a lower antithrombin activity in plasma in comparison to conventional heparin. From this constellation a more pronounced antithrombotic effect and a minor incidence of bleeding Complications has been suggested.Therefore the antithrombotic activity of heparins was studied in a standardized experimental thrombosis model in rabbits. Three low molecular weight heparins with a mean molecular weight of 4.200 (heparin I),4.000 (heparin II),4.600 Dalton (heparin III) and standard heparin were tested at different dosages in 120 experiments. In the first series the dose of 60 anti Xa units (a-Xa U) given initially and 60 a-Xa U/kg/h induced a reduction of the thrombus size by 40 % (heparin I),37 % (heparin II) and 53 % (heparin III) and a prolongation of the aPTT to 45 (heparin I),66 (heparin II) and 79 sec (heparin III). The a-Xa activity was minor than 0.1 U/ml. In the second series heparins were given to aim at an a-Xa activity of 0.2-0.3 U/ml. Thereby the thrombus formation could be reduced by 84 % (heparin I), 62 % (heparin II) and 39 % (heparin III). aPTT and a-Xa activity were measured at 65.5 sec and 0.22 a-Xa U/ml (heparin I),67.3 sec and 0.3 a-Xa U/ml (heparin II) and 67.5 and 0.31 a-Xa U/ml (heparin III),respectively. In the third series the increase of the a-Xa activity to more than 0.3 U/ml showed no further reduction of the thrombus formation by heparin I, while heparins II and III already at this level reachedthe antithrombotic activity of heparin I.Our data on three different low molecular weight heparins demonstrate that already a heparin level ranging at a minimal a-Xa activity induces a clear and statistically significant antithrombotic effect. A higher heparin dosage with higher a-Xa activity increases the antithrombitic effect. At a level of 0.2-0.3 a-Xa U/ml an obvious and maximum effect could be reached, but the further elevation of the a-Xa activity produced no further antithrombotic action.

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (03) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart J Biemond ◽  
Marcel Levi ◽  
Michael T Nurmohanned ◽  
Harry R Büller ◽  
Jan W ten Cate

SummaryRecombinant Hirudin (r-Hirudin) is a new anticoagulant with specific antithrombin activity independently of antithrombin III. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) exert predominantly anti-Xa activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that combined administration of r-Hirudin and LMWH would induce a stronger antithrombotic effect as compared to r-Hirudin administered alone or combined with unfractionated heparin. To assess the effect on thrombus growth, we determined the accretion of l25I-labeled fibrinogen onto autologous non-radioactive thrombi preformed in the jugular veins of rabbits. The rabbits received unfractionated heparin (80 anti-factor Xa U), LMWH (80 anti-factor Xa U) or r-Hirudin (0.3, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) either separately or by combined infusion for a 3 h period.R-Hirudin reduced the thrombus growth in a dose dependent fashion. The combined administration of 80 anti-Xa U LMWH and r-Hirudin at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg resulted in a stronger antithrombotic effect as compared to the combined infusion of unfractionated heparin and r-Hirudin (thrombus growth: 14.3% ± 6.0 vs 28.9% ± 6.5; p = 0.001). This difference in additive antithrombotic effect of 80 anti-Xa ULMWH versus unfractionated heparin on r-Hirudin was also observed when LMWH was combined with 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg r-Hirudin versus unfractionated heparin combined with r-Hirudin (thrombus growth: 16.4% ± 1.6 vs 29.1% ± 3.9; p = 0.01 and 10.1% ± 1.8 vs 20.4% ± 4.5; p = 0.001, respectively).In conclusion, this study showed an additive antithrombotic effect of LMWH on the thrombus growth reducing effect of r-Hirudin. This may potentially be of clinical interest, i. e. much lower doses of r-Hirudin may be used to achieve a similar effective anticoagulant effect when combined with LMWH.


Author(s):  
Е.В. Ройтман ◽  
А.Ю. Буланов ◽  
В.М. Печенников

Низкомолекулярные гепарины (НМГ) рекомендованы всем госпитализированным пациентам с COVID-19. Однако эффективная доза НМГ неизвестна, и эскалация дозы НМГ представляется уместной для лечения COVID-19-ассоциированной коагулопатии. Цель исследования: анализ дозирования НМГ для лечения COVID-19-ассоциированной коагулопатии, а также индикаторов, указывающих на необходимость коррекции доз этих препаратов. Материалы и методы. В период апрель-июнь 2020 г. обследовано 49 человек с диагнозом COVID-19. НМГ получили 43 пациента: 25 человек — эноксапарин натрия, 18 — далтепарин натрия. При лабораторном обследовании определяли С-реактивный белок, количество тромбоцитов, активированное частичное тромбопластиновое время, тромбиновое время, концентрацию фибриногена, активность антитромбина III, протромбиновое время, концентрацию Д-димера и анти-фактор Ха активность (анти- Ха активность). Данные были представлены как медиана (Me), нижний (LQ) и верхний (UQ) квартили. Статистический анализ включал в себя проверку на нормальность распределения по критерию Шапиро–Уилка, сравнение независимых групп по критерию Манна–Уитни при уровне значимости < 0,05, корреляционный анализ с применением критерия Спирмена, регрессионный анализ с использованием F-критерия. Многомерный поэтапный анализ результатов исследования проводили методами кластерного, дискриминантного и ROC-анализа. Результаты. Установлено, что воспалительный ответ у мужчин и у женщин протекает с различающимися акцентами в рамках системы гемостаза. Если анти- Ха активность была ниже 0,4 МЕ / мл, то выбранная доза НМГ никак не влияла ни на процессы тромбообразования и воспаления, ни на течение заболевания в целом. При анти- Ха активности в диапазоне 0,4–0,6 МЕ / мл воспалительный ответ также преодолевал эффект НМГ. Только при анти- Ха активности > 0,6 МЕ / мл была выявлена достоверная корреляция между анти- Ха активностью и суточной дозой НМГ (r = 0,493; p = 0,031). Выявление в этой группе такой связи означает, что часть поступившего в организм НМГ уже была «потрачена» на противовоспалительные цели, а оставшаяся проявила эффект, направленный на другую цель назначения НМГ, т. е. собственно антитромботический. При этом ROC-анализ не подтвердил значимость концентрации фибриногена в прогнозе достижения антитромботической эффективности НМГ. Кластерный анализ достоверно разделил исходную выборку в точке анти- Ха активность = 0,6 ЕД / мл. Из 43 пациентов, получивших НМГ, только у 15 (34,9%) выбранная доза НМГ анти- Ха активность > 0,6 ЕД / мл, тогда как у оставшихся анти- Ха активность оказалась ниже данного значения, несмотря на большую вариацию полученного НМГ: AUC = 0,482 (95% ДИ = 0,298–0,665) со статистической значимостью p = 0,848. Дискриминантный анализ показал, а ROC-анализ подтвердил, что для до- стижения антитромботического эффекта требуется коррекция дозы с учетом веса тела пациента, а целевым значением анти- Ха активности является 0,65 ME / мл. Заключение. Антитромботический эффект как искомый результат применения НМГ достижим только при дозировании с учетом массы тела пациента, независимо от того, снижена она, нормальная или повышена. Развитие антитромботического эффекта должно выявляться, а его стабильность подтверждаться на основе определения анти- Ха активности, которая должна быть не менее 0,65 МЕ/мл. Анти- Ха активность ниже данного значения может служить указанием на необходимость коррекции дозы НМГ у пациентов с COVID-19-ассоциированной коагулопатией. Background. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are guided for all in-hospital patients with COVID-19. However LMWH effective dose is still unknown. Escalating the LMWH dose seems appropriate for the treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Objectives: to explore the LMWHs doses effects in the treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, and to fi nd indicators signaling the need to adjust the LMWH dose. Patients / Methods. From April to June 2020, 49 patients with COVID-19 were examined. LMWH were given to 43 patients: 25 of them received enoxaparin sodium, 18 — dalteparin sodium. Lab testing included C-reactive protein, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, prothrombin time, D-dimer, and anti-factor Xa activity (anti- Xa activity). The data were presented as median (Me), lower (LQ) and upper (UQ) quartiles. Statistical analysis included the check of the distribution normality by Shapiro–Wilk test, comparing independent groups with Mann- Whitney test for p < 0.05, correlation analysis with Spearman test, and regression analysis with the F-test. Multivariate step-by-step analysis of data was performed using cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and ROC-analysis. Results. It was found that the inflammatory response reflects differently for hemostatic system in men and women. When anti-Xa activity was < 0.4 IU / ml, the LMWH selected dose did not affect either the processes of thrombosis and inflammation, or the course of the disease as a whole. When anti- Xa activity was within 0.4–0.6 IU / ml, the inflammation overcame the LMWH effect as well. A significant correlation between anti- Xa activity and the LMWH daily dose (r = 0.493; p = 0.031) was found only for anti-Xa activity > 0.6 IU / ml. That does mean that part of the administered LMWH was already “spent” for anti-inflammatory purposes, and the remaining part was enough to develop an antithrombotic effect. Other result was that ROC-analysis did not confirm the fibrinogen value for the forecast of LMWH antithrombotic effectiveness. Cluster analysis divided significantly the initial sample at the point with anti- Xa activity = 0.6 IU / ml. Of the 43 patients received LMWH, the selected LMWH dose provided anti- Xa activity > 0.6 IU / ml in 15 (34.9%) only, while in other patients the anti- Xa activity was lower despite a wide variation in the LMWH doses: AUC = 0.482 (95% CI = 0.298–0.665; p = 0.848). Discriminant analysis showed, and then ROC-analysis confirmed, that to an antithrombotic effect, LMWH dose adjustment is required taking into account the patient’s body weight, and the target value of anti- Xa activity is 0.65 IU / ml. Conclusions. The antithrombotic effect as the desired result of the LMWH use is achievable only under dosing with the patient’s body weight regardless of whether it is reduced, normal or increased. The LMWH antithrombotic effect should be detected and then its stability confirmed by testing the anti- Xa activity which should be at least 0.65 IU / ml. Lower anti- Xa activity may indicate the need for LMWH dose adjustment in patients with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.


1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (05) ◽  
pp. 1404-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
B I Eriksson ◽  
S Carlsson ◽  
M Halvarsson ◽  
B Risberg ◽  
C Mattsson

SummaryA sensitive thrombosis model with a high reproducibility was developed in the rat, utilizing stasis of the caval vein and a standardized surgical trauma as the only thrombogenic stimuli. Since no procoagulant substances were used, the results of the present study might be relevant in a clinical situation. The antithrombotic effect of two recently synthesized low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitors have been compared to dalteparin, (Fragmin) a low-molecular-weight heparin fragment. Each compound was studied at 8 different doses with 10 rats in each group. On a gravimetric basis, the thrombin inhibitor melagatran was twice as potent as dalteparin (ED50 16 and 33 µ/kg per h, respectively). The second thrombin inhibitor, inogatran, had an intermediate effect, with an ED50 of 24 µLg/kg per h. No differences in antithrombotic effect were, however, found when the compounds were compared at anticoagulant equivalent doses (same APTT prolongation). A 50% reduction in the mean thrombus weight was obtained when APTT was prolonged to 1.2 to 1.3 times the pretreatment value.


1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (03) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Diness ◽  
P B Østergaard

SummaryThe neutralization of a low molecular weight heparin (LHN-1) and conventional heparin (CH) by protamine sulfate has been studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the APTT activity of CH was completely neutralized in parallel with the anti-Xa activity. The APTT activity of LHN-1 was almost completely neutralized in a way similar to the APTT activity of CH, whereas the anti-Xa activity of LHN-1 was only partially neutralized.In vivo, CH 3 mg/kg and LHN-1 7.2 mg/kg was given intravenously in rats. The APTT and anti-Xa activities, after neutralization by protamine sulfate in vivo, were similar to the results in vitro. In CH treated rats no haemorrhagic effect in the rat tail bleeding test and no antithrombotic effect in the rat stasis model was found at a protamine sulfate to heparin ratio of about 1, which neutralized APTT and anti-Xa activities. In LHN-1 treated rats the haemorrhagic effect was neutralized when APTT was close to normal whereas higher doses of protamine sulfate were required for neutralization of the antithrombotic effect. This probably reflects the fact that in most experimental models higher doses of heparin are needed to induce bleeding than to prevent thrombus formation. Our results demonstrate that even if complete neutralization of APTT and anti-Xa activities were not seen in LHN-1 treated rats, the in vivo effects of LHN-1 could be neutralized as efficiently as those of conventional heparin. The large fall in blood pressure caused by high doses of protamine sulfate alone was prevented by the prior injection of LHN-1.


1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (02) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Sato ◽  
Yumiko Sakai ◽  
Fukushi Hirayama ◽  
Hiroyuki Koshio ◽  
Yuta Taniuchi ◽  
...  

SummaryWe examined the antithrombotic activity of a novel synthetic inhibitor of factor Xa, YM-60828, in an electrically-induced carotid artery thrombosis model in rats. In the first experiment, the antithrombotic activity of YM-60828 after i.v. infusion was compared with those of heparin, darteparin and argatroban. Test drug was administered by i.v. infusion from 30 min before electrical stimulation to the end of the experiment. YM-60828 at 1 mg/kg/h significantly improved patency status, prolonged the time to occlusive thrombus formation and duration of patency. Heparin at 300 U/kg/h also improved these parameters, but were accompanied by a marked increase in systemic coagulation time. In the second experiment, the antithrombotic activity of YM-60828 after oral administration was compared with those of ticlopidine, cilostazol, aspirin, beraprost, ethyl icosapentate and warfarin. Test drug was orally administered to fasted rats 60 min before electrical stimulation. YM-60828 at 30 mg/kg p.o., but not ticlopidine, cilostazol, aspirin, beraprost, ethyl icosapentate or warfarin, significantly reduced the incidence of occlusion and improved carotid arterial patency. These results suggest that YM-60828 may be a promising antithrombotic agent for the treatment and prevention of arterial thrombosis which can be given by oral as well as intravenous administration.


2018 ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
N. V. Vorobyev ◽  
S. V. Popov

Oncourologic diseases are accompanied by a risk for subsequent venous thromboembolic complications, which are rated the most dangerous in terms of thrombogenic effect. The article presents a review of the clinical studies of efficacy and safety, and the experience in using of modern low-molecular-weight heparins in clinical practice - drugs of choice for the prevention of venous thromboembolic complications in cancer patients. Particular attention is paid to Bemiparin - a new second-generation low-molecular-weight heparin with a significant antithrombotic effect and improved pharmacological parameters that allow it to be successfully used in patients with impaired renal function in oncourological practice.


1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Walenga ◽  
J Fareed ◽  
M Petitou ◽  
J C Lormeau ◽  
M Samama ◽  
...  

We have previously reported on the antithromboticaction of a chemically synthesized heparin pentasaccharide which exhibits high affinity to anti thrombinIII and sole anti-factor Xa activity. In order to investigate the relative importance of the 3-0 sulfo group of this pentasaccharide, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antithrombotic activity of a synthetic pentasccharide devoid of the sulfo group at the third position of the glucosamine residue. In amidolytic and clot-based assays the 3-0 de- sulfated pentasaccharide (3-0-DP) failed to exhibit any antifactor Xa actions at concentrations <100 ug/ml in humanor rabbit plasmas, whereas pentasaccharide showed strong factor Xa inhibition at 1.0 ug/ml IK-=3.2x10 M)and at 10.0 ug/ml in rabbit plasma (K.=9.0×10™7 M). Using a rabbit stasis thrombosis model in which thrombosis was induce by human serum or an activated pro-thrombin complex concentrate, 3-0-DP failed to produce any antithrombotic action in acute intravenous regimens at dosages up to 200 ug/kg. In these two models, pentasaccharide produced >80% inhibition of induced thrombosis. These studies demonstrate the critical importance of the 3-0 sulfo group in this heparin pentasaccharide for the determination of antithrombotic activity, and that in this type of oligosaccharide, anti-factor Xa activity is responsible for producing the antithrombotic effect.


1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Martineau ◽  
Nadine Tawil

OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics and clinical efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). Adverse effects, dosing, and cost issues are also discussed. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (January 1984–October 1997) was used to identify pertinent French and English literature, including clinical trials and reviews on LMWHs and their use in DVT. STUDY SELECTION: Trials comparing dalteparin, enoxaparin, tinzaparin, and nadroparin with UFH were selected. As studies were numerous, only randomized trials including more than 50 patients were reviewed. Moreover, all patients studied had a first episode of symptomatic DVT confirmed by objective tests (i.e., venography, duplex ultrasonography, impedance plethysmography). Clinical efficacy and safety of LMWHs were assessed in these trials. DATA EXTRACTION: Results pertaining to venographic assessment, recurrent thromboembolism, total mortality, and bleeding complications were extracted from the selected studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Compared with UFH, LMWHs have a longer plasma half-life, better subcutaneous bioavailability, more predictable anticoagulant response, and require less intense laboratory monitoring. Most trials demonstrate comparable effects on thrombus extension and incidence of recurrent thromboembolism. Compared with UFH, LMWHs do not alter total mortality. Although animal trials predict a lower hemorrhagic potential for LMWHs, the incidence of bleeding complications is generally similar to that observed with UFH. Outpatient management of DVT with LMWHs has shown comparable safety and efficacy with inpatient UFH use but a shorter hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Because LMWHs are as safe and as effective as UFH, and because of their more convenient method of administration, they can be considered valuable alternatives for the treatment of DVT. Savings generated by less intensive laboratory monitoring and the possibility of early hospital discharge and outpatient therapy may outweigh the higher acquisition cost of LMWHs.


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