Cultural Diversity, Global Change, and Social Justice

Author(s):  
John Clammer
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Helen Adam

The importance of recognising, valuing and respecting a child’s family, culture, language and values is central to socially just education and is increasingly articulated in educational policy worldwide. Inclusive children’s literature can support children’s human rights and contribute to equitable and socially just outcomes for all children. However, evidence suggests many educational settings provide monocultural book collections which are counterproductive to principles of diversity and social justice. Further, that educators’ understandings and beliefs about diversity can contribute to inequitable provision and use of diverse books and to inequitable outcomes of book sharing for many children. This paper reports on a larger study investigating factors and relationships influencing the use of children’s literature to support principles of cultural diversity in the kindergarten rooms of long day care centres. The study was conducted within an ontological perspective of constructivism and an epistemological perspective of interpretivism informed by sociocultural theory. A mixed methods approach was adopted, and convergent design was employed interpret significant relationships and their meanings. Twenty-four educators and 110 children from four long day care centres in Western Australia participated. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, video-based observations, field notes, document analysis and a book audit. This study firstly identified that current book collections in kindergarten rooms of long day care centres promote mono-cultural viewpoints and ‘othering’ of minority groups through limited access to books portraying inclusive and authentic cultural diversity. Secondly, that educators had limited understandings of the role of literature in acknowledging and valuing diversity and rarely used it to promote principles of diversity, resulting in a practice of “othering” those from minority group backgrounds. The key challenges which emerged from the study concerned beliefs, understanding and confidence of educators about diversity and inclusion, and the impact of these on their approaches to promoting principles of diversity through the use of children’s books. This research contributes to discussion on the value of children’s literature in achieving international principles of diversity. These findings have important social justice implications. The outcomes of this study have implications for educators, policy makers, early childhood organisations and those providing higher education and training for early childhood educators.


Author(s):  
Hugh Starkey

This article comments on keynote speeches given by Keith Ajegbo and Audrey Osler. The programme of study for citizenship derived from the Crick report and did not emphasise race equality and national unity for security. Osler argues that the Ajegbo review addressed teaching of ethnic, religious and cultural diversity but did not confront the inadequacies of British democracy or reassert social justice, a sense of shared humanity and a commitment to human rights. Proposing, let alone imposing, a definition of Britishness is futile, but it is possible to promote cosmopolitan patriotism supported by explicit principles, concepts and values.


1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Birgitta Nilsen ◽  
Sandra Fylkesnes ◽  
Sølvi Mausethagen

‘Othering’ can be conceptually defined as the manner in which social group dichotomies are represented in language via binary oppositions of ‘us’ and ‘them’. The article aims to contribute to a methodological approach for differentiating the concept of othering in educational settings. We will introduce new ways of conceptualising othering based on findings from an empirical critical discourse analytical study of how teacher educators talk about the term ‘cultural diversity’. The study is based on transcriptions of interviews with Norwegian teacher educators. The findings illustrate that teacher educators talk about cultural diversity using seven different ways of othering. These ways of othering are important because teacher educators’ discourses influence preservice teachers, in turn, influencing their future teaching in schools. We argue that a critical linguistic awareness of the ways in which pupils are ‘othered’ is an important tool in counteracting social exclusion and promoting social justice and equity.


2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David F Philott

This paper will explore the place of assessment in a culturally defined paradigm of inclusive education. Given the global trend towards inclusive classrooms, defi ned by a social justice view of learner diversity, the diagnostic/prescriptive medical view of special education is becoming increasingly antiquated. What is emerging is a growing preference towards empowering the classroom teacher with the knowledge and skills to identify the authentic needs of students and to differentiate instruction to respond to those needs. In a contemporary Canadian society characterized by shifting demographics, and increasing linguistic and cultural diversity, this perspective holds particular relevance. In fact, the history of inclusive education parallels, in many ways, the history of aboriginal1 education, as typifi ed in the territory of Nunavut where a stated commitment to establishing a broader view of diversity is creating a system in which children celebrate difference. This paper explores the wealth of literature on this issue and establishes a Canadian context to present Nunavut’s model as being exemplary within this global debate.


Author(s):  
Andrew Ryder

This chapter describes the views of European policy actors, where Brexiteers’ notions of reclaiming national power and self-interest were often pitted against and contrasted with the ethical and idealistic sentiments of those who wanted to preserve the European project and or those committed to the maintenance of a technocratic status quo. These debates and discussions took place within and were shaped by a profound paradigm shift provoked by an economic and cultural crisis in which competing philosophies were set against each other. Cosmopolitanism versus nationalism presented one clash of paradigms – a discourse in which international cooperation, integration and cultural diversity are juxtaposed against narrow national self-interests and monocultural and reactive forms of identity, creating frames (interpretations and perspectives) that can mobilise and galvanise populations and political elites. Alongside identity discourse there was a socio-economic cleavage which revolved around the tensions between neoliberalism and conceptions of the state centred on statism and welfare where social justice rather than profit was the central governing force. Both discourses were accentuated and inflamed by the financial crisis of 2008 and a populist backlash against globalisation, with some propounding a theory of ‘European disintegration’ leading to the unravelling of the democratic capitalist compact within which European integration has been so firmly entwined through the European project. The chapter gives some insight into how the EU sought to protect the integrity of the single market and customs union and perceived Brexit as a direct challenge to the European social model


2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
James R. Veteto ◽  
Joshua Lockyer

This article introduces the Journal of Political Ecology Special Section on 'towards a political ecology of applied anthropology.' We provide a brief overview and analysis of the history and application of applied and practicing anthropology. Examining moral and ethical issues related to the application of anthropology, we assess current endeavors and make suggestions for future directions from a political ecology perspective. Introducing five articles that exemplify our approach, we identify common themes and particular contexts that both unify and distinguish each of the contributions. Throughout this introduction, we propose a potential guidepost for a political-ecology informed applied anthropology: any applied anthropology that engages, documents, promotes, and supports cultural diversity, social justice and environmental sustainability is just. Conversely, any applied anthropology that threatens cultural diversity and environmental sustainability is unjust.Key words: applied anthropology, imperialism, political ecology, neoliberalism, ethics


Author(s):  
Barrie A. Irving ◽  
Vivienne Barker ◽  
Marie Parker-Jenkins ◽  
Dimitra Hartas

RESUMENEn este artículo, se reflexiona sobre la atención a la diversidad cultural en los Servicios de Orientación para la Carrera en Inglaterra, y cómo, a pesar del discurso vigente sobre igualdad de oportunidades, se está excluyendo de forma sistemática a ciertos grupos. Las intervenciones parten de un sistema de valores occidental, orientado al individuo frente a la colectividad, lo que entra en conflicto con la forma de actuar de ciertos grupos. Se ejemplifica dicha situación con el caso de las jóvenes musulmanas, un grupo muy numeroso en Inglaterra. En la primera sección se exponen las limitaciones del actual discurso liberal referido a la «igualdad de oportunidades», en la sociedad inglesa. Los autores argumentan que este discurso es demasiado individualista y no tiene en cuenta las dimensiones sociales presentes en una sociedad culturalmente diversa. Proponen cambiar este concepto por el de justicia social, crítica detrás para que no se quede en un mero concepto de corte paternalista. Consideran que para sentar las bases de una sociedad más dinámica y justa que busque dar respuesta a las necesidades de todos sus ciudadanos, de forma individual y colectiva, es preciso adoptar un enfoque más amplio y crítico como es el de la justicia social, postura que defienden a lo largo de todo el artículo. En la segunda parte, se menciona brevemente la transformación sufrida por los Servicios de Orientación en Inglaterra a partir de 1993 (de ser públicos a entrar en un «mercado de libre competición»), y las distintas prioridades con respecto a los destinatarios según los gobiernos sucesivos. En cualquier caso, y a pesar de que el de centro-izquierda pusiera el énfasis en la atención a grupos en desventaja social, se sigue ignorando el contexto social como variable moduladora de los procesos vocacionales y de elección ocupacional, y se sigue aplicando un modelo de orientación basado sólo en premisas occidentales. Se hace referencia además a los resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo por los autores, para averiguar cómo los servicios de orientación estaban atendiendo las necesidades de orientación para la carrera de las jóvenes musulmanas en los últimos años de la escolaridad obligatoria, y si se tenía en cuenta la influencia que ejerce la cultura (y en concreto la religión) en sus decisiones. Mediante una encuesta a los servicios de orientación, y entrevistas a algunos, se les preguntó sobre su interpretación del concepto de «igualdad de oportunidades», qué medidas estaban adoptando para atender a la diversidad étnica en general, y si realizaban actividades concretas dirigidas a jóvenes musulmanas. Por último, en la tercera sección, proporcionan un marco de referencia para reflexionar sobre la atención a las necesidades vocacionales de los diversos grupos culturales, y concretamente de las jóvenes musulmanas. Parten de tres dimensiones que afectan el desarrollo de la carrera y la elección ocupacional: la existencia de influencias comunes que afectan a todas las personas que viven en una sociedad Occidental, independientemente de su cultura o religión de origen; que la forma de interpretar estas influencias es singular a su propio contexto cultural, y las características individuales, que también  entran  en  juego,  según  la  importancia  relativa  que  se  les  conceda  en  relación  a  la  afiliación cultural. Se centran sólo en la segunda, puesto que los Servicios de Orientación atienden a la primera y tercera, y consideran que es fundamental tener en cuenta la dimensión social. Identifican así cuatro ejes de influencia que afectan tanto el nivel de autonomía de las jóvenes musulmanas como su acceso a distintos recursos: los padres y la familia, la comunidad, los centros escolares y las instituciones de educación superior, los empresarios y formadores (en el trabajo). Concluyen sugiriendo que se debe revisar el actual discurso sobre la igualdad de oportunidades, que no está dando lugar a una verdadera igualdad de resultados proponiendo el enfoque crítico de justicia social como alternativa que facilite una mayor conciencia y comprensión sobre los diversos grupos culturales, y un cambio de actitud con respecto a la «diferencia» «diversidad» como rasgos permanentes y deseables de nuestra sociedad. El reto consistirá en asegurar que personas pertenecientes a comunidades diversas que pueden diferir en función de su raza/etnicidad, género o clase social, obtengan el apoyo y los recursos necesarios que respondan a sus distintas necesidades.ABSTRACTFor many years, a liberal discourse of «equal opportunities» has continued to dominate challenges to racist, sexist and inequitable practices. The desire to treat «everyone the same» is a common strand in which the universal needs of the «many» are set against the differentiated needs of the «few». The authors suggest that this discourse is too individualistic and inward looking, failing to acknowledge and adequately accommodate the social dimensions which exist within a culturally diverse society. It is  argued  that  a  broader  social  justice  philosophy  should  be  adopted  which  is  critically  located, politically informed and sensitive to cultural diversity and differentiated needs. This article considers how  the  «equal  opportunities»  discourse  has  influenced  much  careers  guidance  practice  amongst English Careers Services in relation to the career guidance needs of Muslim girls. Finally it draws upon recent research, to highlight the possibilities presented by the adoption of a critical social justice approach.


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