The Swedish RUT Reduction — Subsidy of Formal Employment or of High-Income Earners’ Leisure Time?

2015 ◽  
pp. 221-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
High Income ◽  
Formal Employment

scholarly journals Modeling maladaptation in the inequality–environment nexus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Antoci ◽  
Paolo Russu ◽  
Elisa Ticci
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
High Income ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Input Model ◽  
Welfare Inequality

Abstract Adaptation against environmental degradation has the potential to generate further environmental pressures. Does this aspect of adaptation affect the inequality–environment link? To answer this question, we develop a one-sector and one-input model which integrates threats to social and environmental sustainability posed by feedback effects of agents’ adaptation strategies. We distinguish between income inequality and welfare inequality with the latter depending on environmental quality, leisure time, income level and allocation of income to consumption or adaptation. Despite its parsimony, the model describes the conditions for the existence of different inequality–environment dynamic regimes. The model confirms the standard view that environmental degradation exacerbates welfare inequality, but it also produces non-trivial and surprising insights. It illustrates that income inequality affects the type of dynamic regime followed by the economy. High-income economies and economies with high-income inequality are most at risk of following a pattern of maladaptive growth with increasing welfare inequality and environmental pressure.

scholarly journals Necessity-Rich, Leisure-Poor: The Long-Term Relationship Between Income Cohorts and Consumption Through Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esa Karonen ◽  
Mikko Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
High Income ◽  
Series Data ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Low Income Groups

AbstractThe main aim of this study is to analyse household consumption patterns in the highest and lowest income quintiles and explore how they have changed over time and generations. Thus, the article explores whether social inclusivity through consumption has truly increased. This study utilises the cross-sectional time-series data of the Finnish Household Expenditure Surveys (HESs), covering the period 1966–2016. We use the Age-Period-Cohort Gap/Oaxaca (APCGO) model with logitrank dependent variables as the main statistical method. Our results indicate that an overall high income is advantageous with respect to income and spending, though the gap between high- and low-income groups has remained stagnant over cohorts. A more in-depth analysis reveals that the expenditure gap, in terms of necessities, food, and groceries consumption, has narrowed. Instead, income elastic-oriented spending on culture and leisure time has significantly increased in the high-income group, where the expenditure gap has expanded 60 percentage points over the cohorts. Simply put, expenditures on necessities have become more inclusive, but low-income groups are increasingly more ‘leisure-poor’. Overall, high-income classes are spending an increasing amount of money on culture and leisure time over cohorts.

scholarly journals Perceived barriers to leisure time physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes attending primary healthcare in Oman: a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e016946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamra Alghafri ◽  
Saud M Alharthi ◽  
Yahya Mohd Al Farsi ◽  
Elaine Bannerman ◽  
Angela Mary Craigie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Stages Of Change ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
High Income ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectivesPhysical activity is fundamental in diabetes management for good metabolic control. This study aimed to identify barriers to performing leisure time physical activity and explore differences based on gender, age, marital status, employment, education, income and perceived stages of change in physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes in Oman.DesignCross-sectional study using an Arabic version of the ‘Barriers to Being Active’ 27-item questionnaire.SettingSeventeen primary health centres randomly selected in Muscat.ParticipantsIndividuals>18 years with type 2 diabetes, attending diabetes clinic for >2 years and with no contraindications to performing physical activity.Primary and secondary outcome measuresParticipants were asked to rate how far different factors influenced their physical activity under the following categories: fear of injury, lack of time, social support, energy, willpower, skills, resources, religion and environment. On a scale of 0–9, barriers were considered important if scored ≥5.ResultsA total of 305 questionnaires were collected. Most (96%) reported at least one barrier to performing leisure time physical activity. Lack of willpower (44.4%), lack of resources (30.5%) and lack of social support (29.2%) were the most frequently reported barriers. Using χ2test, lack of willpower was significantly different in individuals with low versus high income (54.2%vs40%, P=0.002) and in those reporting inactive versus active stages of change for physical activity (50.7%vs34.7%, P=0.029), lack of resources was significantly different in those with low versus high income (40%vs24.3%, P=0.004) and married versus unmarried (33.8%vs18.5%, P=0.018). Lack of social support was significant in females versus males (35.4%vs20.8%, P=0.005).ConclusionsThe findings can inform the design on physical activity intervention studies by testing the impact of strategies which incorporate ways to address reported barriers including approaches that enhance self-efficacy and social support.

scholarly journals WINE TOURISM AND AN EXAMINATION ON WINE TOURISTS’ PREFERENCES AT KULA DESTINATION

2016 ◽  
pp. 107-120
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Literature ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Profile Characteristics

This study aims to determine overall profile characteristics of wine tourists who are visiting Kula destination and reveal their points of views on wine tourism. Findings of the study indicate that wine tourists generally are well educated, have high income and belong to middle or higher age groups. Other findings reveal that wine tourists are willing to travel long distances in order to have a wine tourism experience and they have plenty of leisure time besides not having monetary issues. On the other hand wine tourists’ interest in wines generally show a long term relationship and travels towards wine tourism are quite preferred touristic activities by wine tourists. Furthermore, wine tourists are found out have a sophisticated palate. Results of the study support previous studies of the national and international literature. Attitudes and profile characteristics of wine tourists who are visiting Kula destination show similar properties which are towards different wine destinations. Finally, it is found out those wine tourists who are visiting Kula have little knowledge on the destination prior to their travel and they were expecting inferior supply elements regarding wine tourism at Kula destination before their visit. However their perceptions towards Kula changed in a positive manner after their experience.

scholarly journals Necessity-Rich, Leisure-Poor: The Long-Term Relationship between Income Cohorts and Consumption through Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esa Karonen ◽  
Mikko Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
High Income ◽  
Series Data ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Low Income Groups

The main aim of this study is to analyse household consumption patterns in the highest and lowest income quintiles and explore how they have changed over time and generations. Thus, the article explores whether social inclusivity through consumption has truly increased. This study utilises the cross-sectional time-series data of the Finnish Household Expenditure Surveys (HESs), covering the period 1966–2016. We use the Age-Period-Cohort Gap/Oaxaca (APCGO) model with logitrank dependent variables as the main statistical method. Our results indicate that an overall high income is advantageous with respect to income and spending, though the gap between high- and low-income groups has remained stagnant over cohorts. A more in-depth analysis reveals that the expenditure gap, in terms of necessities, food, and groceries consumption, has narrowed. Instead, income elastic-oriented spending on culture and leisure time has significantly increased in the high-income group, where the expenditure gap has expanded 60 percentage points over the cohorts. Simply put, expenditures on necessities have become more inclusive, but low-income groups are increasingly more ‘leisure-poor’. Overall, high-income classes are spending an increasing amount of money on culture and leisure time over cohorts.

Trends in Leisure-Time Physical Activity in a Southern Brazilian City: 2003-2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1313-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inacio Crochemore Mohnsam da Silva ◽  
Alan Goularte Knuth ◽  
Grégore Iven Mielke ◽  
Mario Renato Azevedo ◽  
Helen Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
High Income ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions ◽  
Time Scaling ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Active Adults

Background:Most of physical activity surveillance data are derived from high-income countries. The aim of the current study was to report time trends in leisure-time physical activity.Methods:Population-based surveys were conducted in the city of Pelotas, Brazil in 2003 and 2010, including individuals aged 20+ years. Physical activity was assessed using the leisure-time section of the long version of the IPAQ. A cut-off point of 150 min/wk was used in the analyses. Methodologies were virtually identical in both surveys.Results:In 2003, 26.8% (95% CI 24.3; 29.2) of the participants were classified as active in leisuretime, as compared with 24.4% (95% CI 22.6; 26.2) in 2010. The proportion of subjects reporting 0 minutes per week of walking, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity practice also did not vary between 2003 and 2010. However, the proportion of active adults decreased from 39.9% (95% CI 33.0; 42.7) in 2003 to 29.7% (95% CI 24.9; 34.5) in 2010 among high-income participants. Males were more active than females in both surveys.Conclusions:Leisure-time physical activity is stable among adults living in the South of Brazil, but high-income participants are becoming less active over time. Scaling up effective and promising physical activity interventions is urgently needed in Brazil.

No Time for a ‘Time Out’? Managing Time around (Non)Drinking

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852110083
Author(s):  
Gabriel Caluzzi ◽  
Amy Pennay ◽  
Sarah MacLean ◽  
Dan Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
High Income ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Sense Of Time

Young people’s drinking represents a nexus between time, temporalities and social practices. While drinking and intoxication have previously been considered a way to achieve a youthful sense of ‘time out’, young people’s drinking is declining in Australia and other high-income countries, suggesting alcohol’s centrality in young people’s leisure time has diminished. Drawing on interviews with light and non-drinker teenagers from Melbourne, Australia, we develop Adorno’s concept of ‘free time’ to show how young people’s time use practices – including how they incorporate alcohol into their lives – are more than ever shaped by social and economic pressures. We framed participants’ discussion of time and its relationship to drinking as a) using free time ‘productively’, b) being opportunistic around busy schedules, and c) the importance of using time for restoration. These framings suggest fragmented and pressure-filled patterns of free time may challenge drinking as a ‘time out’ practice for young people.

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