Brain drain: The cognitive neuroscience of foreign language processing in multinational corporations

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 862-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Volk ◽  
Tine Köhler ◽  
Markus Pudelko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience

The multilingual lexicon

2007 ◽  
pp. 250-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ton Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
The World ◽  
Listening And Speaking

Although precise numbers are lacking, in the world at large there may be more multilinguals than monolinguals when we define “multilingualism” as the regular use of two or more languages. This prominence of multilingualism in the world has its consequences, of course, for educational systems (for example, with respect to foreign language teaching), but also for psycholinguistic research, because the language processing system might be differently organised in monolinguals and bilinguals. This article discusses structural, process, and context/control issues with respect to the multilingual lexicon, addressing the following questions: How are words stored in the mental lexicon of multilinguals? How does a multilingual retrieve words in reading, listening, and speaking? What is the effect of context and cognitive control on multilingual processing? What models have been proposed to account for the available data? What can cognitive neuroscience contribute to bilingualism? The article also looks at the process of multilingual word recognition, focusing on visual modality, auditory modality, models of bilingual word processing, multilingual word production, and contributions of cognitive neuroscience.

scholarly journals The Small and Efficient Language Network of Polyglots and Hyper-polyglots

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76
Author(s):  
Olessia Jouravlev ◽  
Zachary Mineroff ◽  
Idan A Blank ◽  
Evelina Fedorenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Initial Characterization ◽  
The One ◽  
Multiple Languages ◽  
Language Network

Abstract Acquiring a foreign language is challenging for many adults. Yet certain individuals choose to acquire sometimes dozens of languages and often just for fun. Is there something special about the minds and brains of such polyglots? Using robust individual-level markers of language activity, measured with fMRI, we compared native language processing in polyglots versus matched controls. Polyglots (n = 17, including nine “hyper-polyglots” with proficiency in 10–55 languages) used fewer neural resources to process language: Their activations were smaller in both magnitude and extent. This difference was spatially and functionally selective: The groups were similar in their activation of two other brain networks—the multiple demand network and the default mode network. We hypothesize that the activation reduction in the language network is experientially driven, such that the acquisition and use of multiple languages makes language processing generally more efficient. However, genetic and longitudinal studies will be critical to distinguish this hypothesis from the one whereby polyglots’ brains already differ at birth or early in development. This initial characterization of polyglots’ language network opens the door to future investigations of the cognitive and neural architecture of individuals who gain mastery of multiple languages, including changes in this architecture with linguistic experiences.

scholarly journals Some Regions within Broca's Area Do Respond More Strongly to Sentences than to Linguistically Degraded Stimuli: A Comment on Rogalsky and Hickok ()

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2632-2635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelina Fedorenko ◽  
Nancy Kanwisher
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Review Of The Literature

On the basis of their review of the literature, Rogalsky and Hickok [Rogalsky, C., & Hickok, G. The role of Broca's area in sentence comprehension. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 1664–1680, 2011] conclude that there is currently no strong evidence for the existence of “sentence-specific processing regions within Broca's area” (p. 1664). Their argument is based, in part, on the observation that many previous studies have failed to detect an effect in the left inferior frontal regions for contrasts between sentences and linguistically degraded control conditions (e.g., lists of unconnected words, lists of nonwords, or acoustically degraded sentence stimuli). Our data largely replicate this lack of activation in inferior frontal regions when traditional random-effects group analyses are conducted but crucially show robust activations in the same data for the same contrasts in almost every subject individually. Thus, it is the use of group analyses in studies of language processing, not the idea that sentences robustly activate frontal regions, that needs to be reconsidered. This reconsideration has important methodological and theoretical implications.

The Future of Instruction Modeling

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-228
Author(s):  
George A. Khachatryan
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Blended Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Educational Data Mining ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Learning Programs

Instruction modeling is still in its early stages. This chapter discusses promising directions in which instruction modeling could develop in coming years. This includes increasing the richness of interfaces used in instruction modeling programs (e.g., by allowing students to enter responses in free form and have them graded via natural language processing); applying instruction modeling to subjects beyond mathematics, including English, foreign language, and science; using educational data mining to create automated “coaches” to help teachers better implement instruction modeling programs in their classrooms; creating approaches to instruction modeling that allow for rapid authorship of content; redesigning schools (in schedules as well as architecture) to optimize the use of instruction modeling; and putting in place government policies to encourage the use of comprehensive blended learning programs (such as those developed through instruction modeling).

scholarly journals Neurolinguistics

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence ◽  
Brain Sciences

06–416Ding, Guosheng (Beijing Normal U, China), Perry Conrad, Peng Danling, Ma Lin, Li Dejun, Shu Shiyong, Luo Qian, Xu Duo & Yang Jing, Neural mechanisms underlying semantic and orthographic processing in Chinese–English bilinguals. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 14.12 (2003), 1557–1562.06–417Elston-Güttler, Kerrie E. (Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; [email protected]), Silke Paulmann & Sonja A. Kotz, Who's in control? Proficiency and L1 influence on L2 processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.10 (2005), 1593–1610.06–418Gollan, Tamar H. (U Califonia, San Diego, USA; [email protected]), Marina P. Bonanni & Rosa I. Montoya, Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers' tip of the tongue equally often. Neuropsychology (American Psychological Association) 19.3 (2005), 278–287.06–419Hernandez, Arturo (U Houston, USA), Ping Li & Brian MacWhinney, The emergence of competing modules in bilingualism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences (Elsevier) 9.5 (2005), 220–225.06–420Mahendra Nidhi, Elena Plante (U Arizona, USA; [email protected]), Joel Magloire, Lisa Milman & Theodore P. Trouard, fMRI variability and the localization of languages in the bilingual brain. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 14.9 (2003), 1225–1228.06–421Mildner, Vesna (U Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected]), Davor Stanković & Marina Petković, The relationship between active hand and ear advantage in the native and foreign language. Brain and Cognition (Elsevier) 57.2 (2005), 158–161.06–422Minagawa-Kawai, Yasuyo (National Institute for Japanese Language, Tokyo, Japan), Koichi Mori, Yataka Sato & Toshizo Koizumi, Differential cortical responses in second language learners to different vowel contrasts. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 15.5 (2004), 899–903.06–423Mueller, Jutta L. (Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; [email protected]), Anja Hahne, Yugo Fujii & Angela D. Friederici, Native and non-native speakers' processing of a miniature version of Japanese as revealed by ERPs. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.8 (2005), 1229–1244.06–424Ojima, Shiro (U Essex, UK; [email protected]), Hiroki Nakata & Ryusuke Kakigi, An ERP study of second language learning after childhood: Effects of proficiency. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.8 (2005), 1212–1228.06–425Oran, Revital (U Haifa, Israel; [email protected]) &Zvia Breznitz, Reading processes in L1 and L2 among dyslexic as compared to regular bilingual readers: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics (Elsevier) 18.2 (2005), 127–151.06–426Peltola, Maija S. (U Turku, Finland; [email protected]), Minna Kuntola, Henna Tamminen, Heikki Hämäläinen & Olli Aaltonen, Early exposure to non-native language alters preattentive vowel discrimination. Neuroscience Letters (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 388.3 (2005), 121–125.06–427Perani, Daniela (Vita Salute San Raffaele U, Milan, Italy; [email protected]) & Jubin Abutalebi, The neural basis of first and second language processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (Elsevier) 15.2 (2005), 202–206.06–428Rodríguez-Fornells, Antoni (Otto-von-Guericke U, Magdeburg, Germany), Arie van der Lugt, Michael Rotte, Belinda Britti, Hans-Jochen Heinze & Thomas F. Münte, Second language interferes with word production in fluent bilinguals: Brain potential and functional imaging evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 17.3 (2005), 422–433.06–429Thierry, Guillaume (U Wales, Bangor, UK) & Jing Yan Wu, Electrophysiological evidence for language interference in late bilinguals. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 15.10 (2004), 1555–1558.06–430Van Borsel, John (Gent U Hospital, Belgium; [email protected]), Reinilde Sunaert & Sophie Engelen, Speech disruption under delayed auditory feedback in multilingual speakers. Journal of Fluency Disorders (Elsevier) 30.3 (2005), 201–217.06–431Xue, Gui, Qi Dong (Beijing Normal U, China), Zhen Jin, Lei Zhang & Yue Wang, An fMRI study with semantic access in low proficiency second language learners. NeuroReport (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 15.5 (2004), 791–796.06–432Zhang, Yang (U Washington, USA; [email protected]), Patricia K. Kuhl, Toshiaki Imada, Makoto Kotani & Yoh' ichi Tohkura, Effects of language experience: Neural commitment to language-specific auditory patterns. NeuroImage (Elsevier) 26.3 (2005), 703–720.

EEG-Coherence analysis and foreign language processing

NeuroImage ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Reiterer ◽  
Peter Rappelsberger
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Coherence Analysis ◽  
Eeg Coherence

scholarly journals ELEKTRONICZNY KORPUS TEKSTÓW POLSKICH Z XVII I XVIII W. – PROBLEMY TEORETYCZNE I WARSZTATOWE

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Gruszczyński ◽  
Dorota Adamiec ◽  
Renata Bronikowska ◽  
Aleksandra Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Text Representation ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
National Corpus

Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts – theoretical and workshop problems Summary This paper presents the Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts (KorBa) – a large (13.5-million), annotated historical corpus available online. Its creation was modelled on the assumptions of the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP), yet the specifi c nature of the historical material enforced certain modifi cations of the solutions applied in NKJP, e.g. two forms of text representation (transliteration and transcription) were introduced, the principle of designating foreign-language fragments was adopted, and the tagset was adapted to the description of the grammatical structure of the Middle Polish language. The texts collected in KorBa are diversified in chronological, geographical, stylistic, and thematic terms although, due to e.g. limited access to the material, the postulate of representativeness and sustainability of the corpus was not fully implemented. The work on the corpus was to a large extent automated as a result of using natural language processing tools. Keywords: electronic text corpus – historical corpus – 17th-18th-century Polish – natural language processing

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