Hypermodelling: an integrated approach to dynamic system modelling

The SOFC technology under development at Risø National Laboratory (RISØ) and Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S (TOFC) is based on an integrated approach ranging from basic materials research on single component level over development of cell and stack manufacturing technology to system studies and modelling. The effort also comprises an extensive cell and stack testing program. Systems design, development and test is pursued by TOFC in collaboration with various partners. The standard cells are thin and robust with dimensions of 12 x 12 cm2 and cell stacks are based on internal manifolding. Production of cells is being up-scaled continuously. The durability of the standard stack design with standard cells has been tested for more than 13000 hours including nine full thermal cycles with an overall voltage degradation rate of about 1% per 1000 hours. Recently, the degradation rate has been significantly reduced by introduction of improved stack component materials. 75-cell stacks in the 1+ kW power range have been tested successfully. Stacks have been delivered in a pre-reduced state to partners and tested successfully in test systems with natural gas as fuel. The consortium of TOFC and RISØ has an extended program to develop the SOFC technology all the way to a marketable product. Stack and system modelling including cost optimisation analysis is used to develop multi kW stack modules for operation in the temperature range 700-850oC. To ensure the emergence of cost-competitive solutions, a special effort is focused on larger anode-supported cells as well as a new generation of SOFCs based on porous metal supports and new electrode and electrolyte materials. The SOFC program comprises development of next generation of cells and multi stack modules for operation at lower temperature with increased durability and mechanical robustness in order to ensure long-term competitiveness.

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GENDER ANALYSIS IN CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC DISCOURSE: INTEGRATION OF METODOLOGY APPROACH

Al-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Jurusan Ahwal al-Syakhshiyyah Fakultas Syariah IAIN Mataram ◽

10.20414/alihkam.v12i1.2303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 71-92

Author(s):

Abdul Mufid

Keyword(s):

Dynamic System ◽

Research Methods ◽

Islamic Law ◽

Social Research ◽

Science And Technology ◽

Social Criticism ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Gender Analysis ◽

The Social ◽

Contemporary Approach

Islamic law is a dynamic system because it is facilitated by several flexible methodologies. At present, there are various types of problems in Muslim societies which are the results or implications of the development of science and technology, and also the results of changes that occur in the structure of society. To deal with this reality, an integrated contemporary approach must be applied in the process of Islamic law research. Therefore, this article will try to outline an integrated approach to unite and integrate theories in Islamic law with social research methods. Basically, there are several models that have been introduced by several scholars relating to this integrated approach. All models have their strengths and weaknesses in this integrated approach. This article attempts to analyze the integration of Islamic legal theories with the methods of gender analysis and their relationship to the methods of social criticism. This is related to the problems in fiqh related to polygamy which are always debated until now and also to analyze the application of practices in the social and contemporary conditions of our society.

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Handbook of Dynamic System Modelling

Kybernetes ◽

10.1108/k.2008.06737aae.001 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

C.J.H. Mann

Keyword(s):

Dynamic System ◽

System Modelling

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