The ElectroNanospray process (Nanocopoeia, Inc) transforms drugs and polymers into many nanoscale material states including powders, liquids, encapsulated particles, and coatings. This allows application of polymers and drugs to the surface of medical devices such as coronary stents in a single-stage process. A model drug delivery system consisting of a polymer matrix (arborescent polyisobutylene-polystyrene, or arbIBS) and either dexamethasone or sirolimus was studied by various characterization techniques. Modification of ElectroNanospray process parameters resulted in surface coatings with rich morphologies that are revealed by SEM, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Confocal Raman Microscopy were employed to monitor the drug release process in situ, through which the mechanism of the drug-eluting process may be proposed. A Confocal Raman microscope fitted with underwater objective was used to image arbIBS∕drug films incubated in phosphate-buffered saline over 12h and at various film depths. Drug migrated from more concentrated areas into the surrounding polymer and toward the surface, beginning as early as 5min after placing the sample in buffer and continuing throughout the 12h period. High drug levels remained in the more concentrated areas at the end of incubation, suggesting the potential for prolonged release. SEM and AFM images taken from samples post incubation showed the appearance of nanoscale pores ∼100nm in diameter in areas corresponding in size and distribution to the Confocal Raman planar image areas of increased drug concentration. Confocal Raman microscopy offers a powerful new technique for demonstrating real-time drug release from therapeutic medical device coatings.
Surface-Growing Communities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exhibit Distinct Alkyl Quinolone Signatures
