Induced Motion Considered as a Visually Induced Oculogyral Illusion

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B Post
Keyword(s):  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
Fixation Target ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Ocular Pursuit ◽  
Stationary Stimulus ◽  
Oculogyral Illusion ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Perceived Motion

The possibility that nystagmus suppression contributes to illusory motion was investigated by measuring perceived motion of a stationary stimulus following the removal of an optokinetic stimulus. This was done because optokinetic nystagmus typically outlasts cessation of an optokinetic stimulus. Therefore, it would be expected that a stationary fixated stimulus should appear to move after removal of an optokinetic stimulus if illusory motion results from nystagmus suppression. Illusory motion was reported for a stationary fixation target following optokinetic stimulation. This motion was reported first in the same direction as the preceding induced motion, then in the opposite direction. The two directions of illusory motion following optokinetic stimulation are interpreted as resulting from the use of smooth ocular pursuit to suppress first one phase of optokinetic afternystagmus and then the reverse phase. Implications for the origins of induced motion are discussed.

Can Illusory Motion Disrupt Tracking Real Motion?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J Andrews ◽  
Allison N McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Critical Rate ◽  
Real Motion ◽  
Actual Motion ◽  
Perceived Motion

When rotating stripes or other periodic stimuli cross the retina at a critical rate, a reversal in the direction of motion of the stimuli is often seen. This illusion of motion perception was used to explore the roles of retinal and perceived motion in the generation of optokinetic nystagmus. Here we show that optokinetic nystagmus is disrupted during the perception of this illusion. Thus, when perceived and actual motion are in conflict, subjects fail to track the veridical movement. This observation suggests that the perception of motion can directly influence optokinetic nystagmus, even in the presence of a moving retinal image. A conflict in the neural representation of motion in different brain areas may explain these findings.

Up–down Asymmetry in Vertical Induced Motion

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori A Lott ◽  
Robert B Post
Keyword(s):  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Real Motion ◽  
Illusory Movement ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Direction Opposite

Induced motion (IM) is the illusory movement of an object in the direction opposite to the real motion of adjacent detail. One theory of IM suggests that it results, in part, from suppression of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) by fixational (smooth-pursuit) effort. In several studies an asymmetry in human vertical OKN has been reported, with upward optokinetic stimulation eliciting higher OKN gain than downward motion. This provides a test of the nystagmus-suppression theory of IM. If suppression of OKN contributes significantly to IM, upward inducing stimuli should result in a greater magnitude of the illusion than should downward stimulus motion. Additionally, the asymmetry of vertical OKN should become more pronounced at higher stimulus velocities. Therefore, the asymmetry of vertical IM should be greater at higher inducing-stimulus velocities. Twelve subjects viewed a large, random-dot stimulus, which moved either upward or downward at a velocity of 10, 40, or 70 deg s−1. Subjects fixated a horizontally moving laser spot and adjusted a rod to match the apparent slope of the motion path of the spot. IM magnitude was derived from these measures. Mean IM velocity was significantly higher with upward than with downward stimulation, and the difference was maximal at velocities of 40 and 70 deg s−1. The results are discussed within the context of the nystagmus-suppression theory and other theories of IM.

Modification of Parameters in Vertical Optokinetic Nystagmus after Repeated Vertical Optokinetic Stimulation in Patients with Vestibular Lesions

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (sup520) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Tsuzuku ◽  
Elisabeth Vitte ◽  
Alain Sémont ◽  
Alain Berthoz
Keyword(s):  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation

Induced Motion and the Visual Vertical: Effects of Frame Size

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1443-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice N. Brooks ◽  
Michael F. Sherrick
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Frame Effect ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Perceived Motion ◽  
Extensive Involvement ◽  
Rod And Frame

Induced visual motion and the rod-and-frame effect have both been explained in terms of changes in the observer's spatial orientation. Accordingly, we examined the effects of large and small visual frames on the two phenomena in the present experiment, testing 8 male and 8 female undergraduates. During induced motion, subjects noted the perceived motion of a stationary central point of light and then moved this light back to its apparent original location. For the visual vertical, subjects aligned two points of light to indicate the perceived vertical in the presence of straight and tilted frames. As predicted, the larger frames generated more induced motion and greater displacement of the visual vertical. These results may have occurred because the larger frame had a greater effect on the subjects' spatial orientation, perhaps due to the more extensive involvement of the peripheral, or ambient, visual system.

scholarly journals Right frontal eye field has perceptual and oculomotor functions during optokinetic stimulation and nystagmus

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Mastropasqua ◽  
James Dowsett ◽  
Marianne Dieterich ◽  
Paul C. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
Motion Discrimination ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right

The right frontal eye field (rFEF) is associated with visual perception and eye movements. rFEF is activated during optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), a reflex that moves the eye in response to visual motion (optokinetic stimulation, OKS). It remains unclear whether rFEF plays causal perceptual and/or oculomotor roles during OKS and OKN. To test this, participants viewed a leftward-moving visual scene of vertical bars and judged whether a flashed dot was moving. Single pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were applied to rFEF on half of trials. In half of blocks, to explore oculomotor control, participants performed an OKN in response to the OKS. rFEF TMS, during OKN, made participants more accurate on trials when the dot was still, and it slowed eye movements. In separate blocks, participants fixated during OKS. This not only controlled for eye movements but also allowed the use of EEG to explore the FEF’s role in visual motion discrimination. In these blocks, by contrast, leftward dot motion discrimination was impaired, associated with a disruption of the frontal-posterior balance in alpha-band oscillations. None of these effects occurred in a control site (M1) experiment. These results demonstrate multiple related yet dissociable causal roles of the right FEF during optokinetic stimulation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates causal roles of the right frontal eye field (FEF) in motion discrimination and eye movement control during visual scene motion: previous work had only examined other stimuli and eye movements such as saccades. Using combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG and a novel optokinetic stimulation motion-discrimination task, we find evidence for multiple related yet dissociable causal roles within the FEF: perceptual processing during optokinetic stimulation, generation of the optokinetic nystagmus, and the maintenance of alpha oscillations.

Interaction of the Movements of the Two Eyecups in the Crab Carcinus

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. P. BARNES ◽  
G. A. HORRIDGE
Keyword(s):  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sinusoidal Oscillation ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Optokinetic Responses ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Perceived Motion ◽  
The Brain

1. The movements of the two eyecups of the crab, Carcinus, have been recorded simultaneously during optokinetic responses. 2. Experiments in which the eyes view different visual stimuli reveal that, at the start of a response, the eyecups have a considerable degree of independence and can even move in opposite directions. As the response progresses, interaction between the eyes increases, until the eyecups move at similar velocities in the direction of the slower of the two visual inputs, or are stationary. 3. Similar interactions between the eyes were observed during memory responses and during the responses to sinusoidal oscillation of the two sets of stripes. Each eye has its own system for converting perceived motion into eyecup movement. These two systems are linked on the afferent rather than the efferent side of the brain. 5. The fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus is governed by the eye whose fast-phase movement occurs away from the midline, and the fast phases of this eyecup lead the other by 30-80 msec. Also, fast phases only occur at their normal frequency when the governing eye can see the stripes.

Spatial orientation of optokinetic nystagmus and ocular pursuit during orbital space flight

2004 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven T. Moore ◽  
Bernard Cohen ◽  
Theodore Raphan ◽  
Alain Berthoz ◽  
Gilles Cl�ment
Keyword(s):  
Space Flight ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Ocular Pursuit ◽  
Orbital Space

scholarly journals Torsional component of microsaccades during fixation and quick phases during optokinetic stimulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Sadeghpour ◽  
Jorge Otero-Millan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
Average Amplitude ◽  
Stationary Stimulus ◽  
Torsional Component ◽  
Software And Hardware

While many studies have characterized the eye movements during visual fixation, including microsaccades, in most cases only horizontal and vertical components have been recorded and analyzed. Thus, little is known about the torsional component of microsaccades. We took advantage of a newly developed software and hardware to record eye movements around the three axes of rotation during fixation and torsional optokinetic stimulus. We found that the average amplitude of the torsional component of microsaccades during fixation was 0.34 ± 0.07 degrees with velocities following a main sequence with a slope comparable to the horizontal and vertical components. We also found the size of the torsional displacement during microsaccades was correlated with the horizontal but not the vertical component. In the presence of an optokinetic stimulus a nystagmus was induced producing a more frequent and larger torsional quick phases compared to microsaccades produced during fixation with a stationary stimulus. The torsional component and the vertical vergence component of quick phases grew larger with higher velocities. Additionally, our results validate and show the feasibility of recording torsional eye movements using video eye tracking in a desktop mounted setup.

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