Localisation of Auditory Targets during Optokinetic Nystagmus

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5849 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1507-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Königs ◽  
Jonas Knöll ◽  
Frank Bremmer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Fast Phase

Previous studies have shown that the perceived location of visual stimuli briefly flashed during smooth pursuit, saccades, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is not veridical. We investigated whether these mislocalisations can also be observed for brief auditory stimuli presented during OKN. Experiments were carried out in a lightproof sound-attenuated chamber. Participants performed eye movements elicited by visual stimuli. An auditory target (white noise) was presented for 5 ms. Our data clearly indicate that auditory targets are mislocalised during reflexive eye movements. OKN induces a shift of perceived location in the direction of the slow eye movement and is modulated in the temporal vicinity of the fast phase. The mislocalisation is stronger for look- as compared to stare-nystagmus. The size and temporal pattern of the observed mislocalisation are different from that found for visual targets. This suggests that different neural mechanisms are at play to integrate oculomotor signals and information on the spatial location of visual as well as auditory stimuli.

scholarly journals Saliency-Based Gaze Visualization for Eye Movement Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Sangbong Yoo ◽  
Seongmin Jeong ◽  
Seokyeon Kim ◽  
Yun Jang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Visual Clues ◽  
Human Visual Attention

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.

Saccadic Performance as a Function of the Presence and Disappearance of Auditory and Visual Fixation Stimuli

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L. Taylor ◽  
Raymond M. Klein ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Noise Stimulus ◽  
Auditory Noise

Relative to when a fixated stimulus remains visible, saccadic latencies are facilitated when a fixated stimulus is extinguished simultaneously with or prior to the appearance of an eccentric auditory, visual, or combined visual-auditory target. In a study of nine human subjects, we determined whether such facilitation (the “gap effect”) occurs equivalently for the disappearance of fixated auditory stimuli and fixated visual stimuli. In the present study, a fixated auditory (noise) stimulus remained present (overlap) or else was extinguished simultaneously with (step) or 200 msec prior to (gap) the appearance of a visual, auditory (tone), or combined visual-auditory target 10° to the left or right of fixation. The results demonstrated equivalent facilitatory effects due to the disappearance of fixated auditory and visual stimuli and are consistent with the presumed role of the superior colliculus in the gap effect.

Eye Movements in Cerebellar and Combined Cerebellobrainstem Diseases

1983 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Wennmo ◽  
Bengt Hindfelt ◽  
Ilmari Pyykkö
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Vestibular Nystagmus ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Voluntary Saccades ◽  
Cerebellar Disorders

We report a quantitative analysis of eye movement disturbances in patients with isolated cerebellar disorders and patients with cerebellar disorders and concomitant brainstem involvement. The most characteristic abnormalities in the exclusively cerebellar patients were increased velocities of the slow phases of vestibular nystagmus induced by rotation in the dark and increased peak velocities of the fast phases of optokinetic nystagmus induced by full-field optokinetic stimuli. Dysmetria of saccades was found in three of six cerebellar patients and gaze nystagmus in all six patients. The typical findings in the combined cerebellobrainstem group were reduced peak velocities of voluntary saccades, defective smooth pursuit and reduced peak velocities of the fast component of nystagmus during rotation in both the dark and light. All patients with combined cerebellobrainstem disorder had dysmetric voluntary saccades and gaze nystagmus. The numbers of superimposed saccades during smooth pursuit were uniformly increased. Release of inhibition in cerebellar disorders may explain the hyperresponsiveness and inaccuracy of eye movements found in this study. In addition, when lesions also involve the brainstem, however, integrative centers coding eye velocity are affected, leading to slow and inaccurate eye movements. These features elicited clinically may be useful in the diagnosis of cerebellar and brainstem disorders.

Eye movements in Daphnia pulex (De Geer)

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
BJ Frost
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Fourth Harmonic

1. The various types of eye movement exhibited by the cyclopean eye of Daphnia pulex were studied using high speed motion photography. 2. This rudimentary eye, which consists of only 22 ommatidia, can move through approximately 150 degrees in the sagittal plane and 60 degrees in the horizontal plane. 3. Four classes of eye movement were found: (1) a high speed tremor at 16 Hz with an amplitude of 3-4 degrees, which resembles physiological nystagmus, (2) a slow rhythmic scanning movement at 4 Hz, and 5-6 degrees amplitude, (3) large fast eye movements similar to saccadic eye movements and (4) optokinetic nystagmus produced by moving striped patterns. 4. Where the fast tremor occurred concurrently with the slow rhythmic scan, a Fourier analysis revealed that the former was the fourth harmonic of the latter.

Interaction of the Movements of the Two Eyecups in the Crab Carcinus

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. P. BARNES ◽  
G. A. HORRIDGE
Keyword(s):  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sinusoidal Oscillation ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Optokinetic Responses ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Perceived Motion ◽  
The Brain

1. The movements of the two eyecups of the crab, Carcinus, have been recorded simultaneously during optokinetic responses. 2. Experiments in which the eyes view different visual stimuli reveal that, at the start of a response, the eyecups have a considerable degree of independence and can even move in opposite directions. As the response progresses, interaction between the eyes increases, until the eyecups move at similar velocities in the direction of the slower of the two visual inputs, or are stationary. 3. Similar interactions between the eyes were observed during memory responses and during the responses to sinusoidal oscillation of the two sets of stripes. Each eye has its own system for converting perceived motion into eyecup movement. These two systems are linked on the afferent rather than the efferent side of the brain. 5. The fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus is governed by the eye whose fast-phase movement occurs away from the midline, and the fast phases of this eyecup lead the other by 30-80 msec. Also, fast phases only occur at their normal frequency when the governing eye can see the stripes.

Neuronal activity in prepositus nucleus correlated with eye movement in the alert cat

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lopez-Barneo ◽  
C. Darlot ◽  
A. Berthoz ◽  
R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Preferred Direction

1. In nine alert chronically prepared cats the activity of 177 neurons was recorded in the prepositus nucleus during either spontaneous eye movement or that induced by natural vestibular and optokinetic stimulation. 2. In 116 cells, eye position and/or eye velocity was precisely and unequivocally encoded whatever the origin of the eye movement. These cells were separated into different populations according to the eye movement variable encoded and the directionality of the neuronal response. The firing rates of the remaining 61 cells were loosely related to eye movements because a variety of discharge patterns were observed during identical eye movements. In the latter case, some other unmeasured variable (e.g., neck or visual) was suggested to be encoded in the firing frequency. 3. Discharge rate changed before the eyes began to move and reached a new steady level during fixation following a saccade into a particular direction of the orbit. The ondirection was horizontal for 59% of the neurons, vertical for 17%, and oblique for 24%. 4. Regardless of their preferred direction, the discharge rate in 19% of the neurons was closely proportional to eye position. The range in sensitivity was from 1.1 to 7.5 spikes X s-1/deg. Weak velocity responses were occasionally observed during the slow phase of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus including during saccades. This class of neurons exhibited a very regular interspike interval for a given position of fixation. Since mainly eye position was encoded, these cells were called position neurons. 5. Other prepositus neurons showed both position and velocity sensitivity during saccades and fixation. Their firing rate encoded eye position over the same range as above and also coded velocity during the slow phase of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus. Depending on the weighting between the position and velocity proportionality constants, these neurons were classified into position-velocity (48%) or velocity-position (33%) groups. 6. The distribution of the above responses led to the conclusion that the prepositus nucleus plays a role in vertical and horizontal spatial integration. The predominance of horizontal activity suggested that the nucleus may be a significant site underlying genesis of horizontal eye position.

scholarly journals Perceptual saccadic suppression starts in the retina

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Idrees ◽  
Matthias P. Baumann ◽  
Felix Franke ◽  
Thomas A. Münch ◽  
Ziad M. Hafed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Saccadic Suppression ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Perceptual Phenomenon

AbstractVisual sensitivity, probed through perceptual detectability of very brief visual stimuli, is strongly impaired around the time of rapid eye movements. This robust perceptual phenomenon, called saccadic suppression, is frequently attributed to active suppressive signals that are directly derived from eye movement commands. Here we show instead that visual-only mechanisms, activated by saccade-induced image shifts, can account for all perceptual properties of saccadic suppression that we have investigated. Such mechanisms start at, but are not necessarily exclusive to, the very first stage of visual processing in the brain, the retina. Critically, neural suppression originating in the retina outlasts perceptual suppression around the time of saccades, suggesting that extra-retinal movement-related signals, rather than causing suppression, may instead act to shorten it. Our results demonstrate a far-reaching contribution of visual processing mechanisms to perceptual saccadic suppression, starting in the retina, without the need to invoke explicit motor-based suppression commands.

Visual Stimulator for Eye Movement Studies Based on a Microcomputer System

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Juhola ◽  
K. Virtanen ◽  
M. Helin ◽  
V. Jäntti ◽  
P. Nurkkanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Microcomputer System ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Stimulator

SummaryA visual stimulator system for studies of eye movements has been developed. The system is controlled by an inexpensive microcomputer. It is employed for otoneurological studies both in clinical work and in research, but can also be applied for studies of eye movements in other medical areas. Three types of eye movements are produced, viz. saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements and optokinetic nystagmus. The stimulator system can be connected to another computer for an analysis of eye movements.

Auditory Influences on Visual Temporal Rate Perception

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 1078-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg H. Recanzone
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Temporal Rate

Visual stimuli are known to influence the perception of auditory stimuli in spatial tasks, giving rise to the ventriloquism effect. These influences can persist in the absence of visual input following a period of exposure to spatially disparate auditory and visual stimuli, a phenomenon termed the ventriloquism aftereffect. It has been speculated that the visual dominance over audition in spatial tasks is due to the superior spatial acuity of vision compared with audition. If that is the case, then the auditory system should dominate visual perception in a manner analogous to the ventriloquism effect and aftereffect if one uses a task in which the auditory system has superior acuity. To test this prediction, the interactions of visual and auditory stimuli were measured in a temporally based task in normal human subjects. The results show that the auditory system has a pronounced influence on visual temporal rate perception. This influence was independent of the spatial location, spectral bandwidth, and intensity of the auditory stimulus. The influence was, however, strongly dependent on the disparity in temporal rate between the two stimulus modalities. Further, aftereffects were observed following approximately 20 min of exposure to temporally disparate auditory and visual stimuli. These results show that the auditory system can strongly influence visual perception and are consistent with the idea that bimodal sensory conflicts are dominated by the sensory system with the greater acuity for the stimulus parameter being discriminated.

Nystagmus of Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

1983 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Katsarkas ◽  
J. S. Outerbridge
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Horizontal Component ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Phase Rotation ◽  
Positional Vertigo ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Gaze Position ◽  
Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

During attacks of paroxysmal positional vertigo in 12 patients, nystagmus in different gaze positions was observed visually and recorded by electronystagmography (eyes open, fixating). Visually observed eye movement was similar in all cases, with oblique (upward and horizontal) and rotatory (clockwise during leftward movement) components in the fast phase; rotation dominated on ipsilateral gaze (toward the lower ear) and oblique movement dominated on contralateral gaze. However, ENG recordings showed greater variability and were often inconsistent with visual observation; the horizontal component often reversed with change in gaze position, and dissociated eye movements, as well as down-beating nystagmus, were sometimes seen. More sophisticated measurement and strict attention to gaze position is required to resolve these discrepancies.

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