The Effect of Attentional Cueing upon Speed Discrimination

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
M R Blakemore ◽  
R J Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Test Stimulus ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Staircase Procedure ◽  
Attentional Cueing ◽  
Speed Discrimination ◽  
Study Participants

Motion processes have often been regarded as being preattentive in nature. Additionally, in a few attention studies attempts have been made to incorporate the methodology common to classical psychophysics. Speed discrimination with multiple grating patches has been investigated with uncertainty/search paradigms (Verghese and Stone, 1995 Vision Research35 2811 – 2823). Another method commonly used in attentional research is the cueing paradigm, which we have used here. In this study participants had to discriminate, using a 2AFC method, whether one of four grating patterns moved faster or slower than the other patches (of a standard speed 6 deg s−1). The speed of this test stimulus was altered from trial to trial with the use of an adaptive staircase procedure. Whilst the gratings were in motion a brief (32 ms) cue was presented. This could be either valid (58%), invalid (14%), or neutral (28%) in respect to the patch of grating which was moving at a different speed. The results demonstrate that cueing had a strong effect upon the discrimination judgement. The invalid trials had up to a factor of four increase in discrimination thresholds when compared to the valid trials. Further experiments with post-stimulus cueing suggested that a decision theory model may account for a large proportion of these cueing effects. This is in agreement with similar cueing studies (Kinchla et al, 1995 Perception & Psychophysics57 441 – 450) in which participants discriminated between different array elements.

The Effect of Symbol Background Color on the Speed of Locating Targets by Adults Without Disabilities: Implications for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Display Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1482-1488
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Thistle
Keyword(s):  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Perceptual Factors

Purpose Previous research with children with and without disabilities has demonstrated that visual–perceptual factors can influence the speech of locating a target on an array. Adults without disabilities often facilitate the learning and use of a child's augmentative and alternative communication system. The current research examined how the presence of symbol background color influenced the speed with which adults without disabilities located target line drawings in 2 studies. Method Both studies used a between-subjects design. In the 1st study, 30 adults (ages 18–29 years) located targets in a 16-symbol array. In the 2nd study, 30 adults (ages 18–34 years) located targets in a 60-symbol array. There were 3 conditions in each study: symbol background color, symbol background white with a black border, and symbol background white with a color border. Results In the 1st study, reaction times across groups were not significantly different. In the 2nd study, participants in the symbol background color condition were significantly faster than participants in the other conditions, and participants in the symbol background white with black border were significantly slower than participants in the other conditions. Conclusion Communication partners may benefit from the presence of background color, especially when supporting children using displays with many symbols.

A Bird in the Hand Isn’t Good for Long

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Scherbaum ◽  
Simon Frisch ◽  
Maja Dshemuchadse
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Folk Wisdom ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Folk wisdom tells us that additional time to make a decision helps us to refrain from the first impulse to take the bird in the hand. However, the question why the time to decide plays an important role is still unanswered. Here we distinguish two explanations, one based on a bias in value accumulation that has to be overcome with time, the other based on cognitive control processes that need time to set in. In an intertemporal decision task, we use mouse tracking to study participants’ responses to options’ values and delays which were presented sequentially. We find that the information about options’ delays does indeed lead to an immediate bias that is controlled afterwards, matching the prediction of control processes needed to counter initial impulses. Hence, by using a dynamic measure, we provide insight into the processes underlying short-term oriented choices in intertemporal decision making.

scholarly journals Efeitos da crioterapia e da diatermia por micro-ondas sobre a capacidade de produção de força de flexores de cotovelo de homens saudáveis

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Juliana Carvalho Schleder ◽  
Andrelize Müller ◽  
Walkyria Vilas Boas Fernandes ◽  
Andrielle Elaine Capote
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Peak Strength ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Thermal Changes ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Sedentary Subjects ◽  
Isometric Muscle ◽  
Microwave Diathermy

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n3p332 Physiological effects of thermal changes in tissues might influence some physical properties of muscle fibers, such as strength. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cryotherapy and microwave diathermy application on the strength production capacity of the elbow flexor muscles. Thirty male, healthy and sedentary subjects, with average age of 22.40 (±3.42) years, participated in this prospective study. Participants were submitted to assessment of isometric strength production capability by an adapted load cell. Half of volunteers received cryotherapy on the first day of application and microwave diathermy (MD) 48 hours later, whereas the other half was treated the other way around. Cryotherapy was applied up to the temperature of the biceps region reached 25ºC, and MD was applied up to 42ºC. Six peak strength reevaluations were made over 2 hours. There was significant increase in peak strength (PS) up to 15 minutes after cryotherapy, then there was a decrease in maximum isometric strength, however, statistically significant difference remained up to 1 hour and 30 minutes after cryotherapy. In MD, PS decreased significantly after application until 15 min. From this moment, PS returned close to the initial value, and in the last assessment, PS reduced again. Cryotherapy and MD differently interfered in isometric muscle strength production capacity of elbow flexors, while cooling generated increment, heating caused decline.

scholarly journals The Stroop Task Influences Product Evaluations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom G. E. Damen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Evaluations ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Negative Signal

Cognitive conflict is considered to represent a psychologically negative signal. Indeed, a recent publication showed that cognitive conflict emerging from the Stroop task influences evaluations for neutral shapes that had become associated with conflict and non-conflict, respectively. Building on these findings, the present research investigates the degree to which Stroop conflict influences evaluations of actual products. In an experimental study, participants performed a Stroop task in which they responded to conflict trials (e.g., the word red presented in a blue font) as well as non-conflict trials (e.g., the word red presented in a red font). Participants were also presented with two pictures featuring bottled water brands: One brand was consistently presented after non-conflict trials; the other brand was consistently presented after conflict trials. When participants evaluated the products, the results showed they rated the product associated with Stroop conflict less favorably than the product associated with non-conflict; however, this effect only emerged when participants were thirsty. When participants were not thirsty, no differences emerged. The present findings add to the literature on cognitive conflict and negativity, suggesting that Stroop conflict can influence product evaluations when those products are goal relevant.

scholarly journals Inter-identity amnesia for neutral episodic self-referential and autobiographical memory in Dissociative Identity Disorder: An assessment of recall and recognition

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245849
Author(s):  
Rosemary J. Marsh ◽  
Martin J. Dorahy ◽  
Chandele Butler ◽  
Warwick Middleton ◽  
Peter J. de Jong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Autobiographical Memories ◽  
Memory Transfer ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Diagnostic Criterion

Amnesia is a core diagnostic criterion for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), however previous research has indicated memory transfer. As DID has been conceptualised as being a disorder of distinct identities, in this experiment, behavioral tasks were used to assess the nature of amnesia for episodic 1) self-referential and 2) autobiographical memories across identities. Nineteen DID participants, 16 DID simulators, 21 partial information, and 20 full information comparison participants from the general population were recruited. In the first study, participants were presented with two vignettes (DID and simulator participants received one in each of two identities) and asked to imagine themselves in the situations outlined. The second study used a similar methodology but with tasks assessing autobiographical experience. Subjectively, all DID participants reported amnesia for events that occurred in the other identity. On free recall and recognition tasks they presented a memory profile of amnesia similar to simulators instructed to feign amnesia and partial information comparisons. Yet, on tests of recognition, DID participants recognized significantly more of the event that occurred in another identity than simulator and partial information comparisons. As such, results indicate that the DID performance profile was not accounted for by true or feigned amnesia, lending support to the idea that reported amnesia may be more of a perceived than actual memory impairment.

scholarly journals FORCED CONVECTION IN DUCTS WITH PERMEABLE WALLS

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
C. H. Alexandrino ◽  
M. L. Martins-Costa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Mixture Theory ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Convective Term ◽  
Compatibility Conditions ◽  
Fluid Mixture ◽  
Local Description ◽  
Permeable Walls

A mixture theory model is employed in a local description of the energy transfer in a duct with permeable wall which is simulated by considering two distinct flow regions, one consisting of a Newtonian incompressible fluid and the other represented by a binary (solid-fluid) mixture. Compatibility conditions at the interface (pure fluid-mixture) for momentum and energy transfer are considered. The simulations are carried out by using a finite difference approach with an upwind strategy for the convective term discretization.

Decision Making in Chains and Networks of Contracts

2021 ◽  
pp. 283-308
Author(s):  
Stefan Grundmann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Mutual Knowledge ◽  
Trust And Reciprocity ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Law

Networks of contracts serve mainly as a long-term form of organisation, both features being typically combined. This combination—the so-called organisational contract—is seen as a hybrid between market and firm. There are different explanations for its existence and two are particularly prominent. Williamson sees them as a governance device to cope with the problem of uncertainty of future events, namely in situations where one party has invested in a particular relationship more than the other and therefore is ‘more dependent’ on its continuance. Conversely, Powell sees them as a scenario where neither command nor anonymous exchange dominate, but mutual (often personalised) trust and reciprocity based on strong mutual knowledge of the partners are marked. These two explanations imply how fascinating the organisational contract may be for decision theory and the law. This chapter addresses the phenotype of (long-term) networks of contacts and sees a large variety of them ranging from rather standardised to highly tailor-made arrangements, which implies a heterogeneous basis for decision-making theories and their application. With respect to decision-making theories that are considered in the second section, the chapter takes a broad perspective. While it may be attractive to apply mainly one decision theory to the phenomenon, the chapter asks which decision theories might have particular explanatory value. Thus, a broader survey on a multifaceted compound of theories might be particularly suitable for the heterogeneous aspects of the phenomenon. The chapter also addresses the question of which repercussions the discussed decision theories might have in law.

scholarly journals Evolutionarily stable investments in recognition systems explain patterns of discrimination failure and success

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20190465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Sheehan ◽  
H. Kern Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Social Insect ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Recognition Systems ◽  
Evolving Models ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

Many animals are able to perform recognition feats that astound us—such as a rodent recognizing kin it has never met. Yet in other contexts, animals appear clueless as when reed warblers rear cuckoo chicks that bear no resemblance to their own species. Failures of recognition when it would seem adaptive have been especially puzzling. Here, we present a simple tug-of-war game theory model examining how individuals should optimally invest in affecting the accuracy of discrimination between desirable and undesirable recipients. In the game, discriminating individuals (operators) and desirable and undesirable recipients (targets and mimics, respectively) can all invest effort into their own preferred outcome. We demonstrate that stable inaccurate recognition will arise when undesirable recipients have large fitness gains from inaccurate recognition relative to the pay-offs that the other two parties receive from accurate recognition. The probability of accurate recognition is often determined by just the relative pay-offs to the desirable and undesirable recipients, rather than to the discriminator. Our results provide a new lens on long-standing puzzles including a lack of nepotism in social insect colonies, tolerance of brood parasites and male birds caring for extra-pair young in their nests, which our model suggests should often lack accurate discrimination. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.

scholarly journals Autoimmunity: a decision theory model.

1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Morris
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Theory Model
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document