Toxaphene-resistant cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)) occurring in Queensland

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Norris ◽  
BF Stone
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

Cattle ticks on four herds in southern Queensland survived dipping in a vat charged with 0.5 per cent. w/v toxaphene, which nevertheless disinfested a fifth herd. Protective periods afforded by toxaphene against attachment of resistant larvae were much shorter than against susceptible strains. Laboratory concentration-response tests on a culture of the toxaphene-resistant ticks indicated that the median lethal concentration of toxaphene for engorged females was 19 times higher than that of a reference strain, and t h at f o r the larvae was also significantly higher. The toxaphene-resistant ticks were not affected when cows were sprayed with 0.05 per cent. w/v gamma-BHC. This was consistent with an earlier history of BHC resistance in the ticks on these herds. Spraying trials indicated no marked arsenic resistance in the toxaphene-resistant ticks. The mortality of the toxaphene-resistant ticks on cattle sprayed with 0.5 per cent. W/V pp'-DDT, and the protective period against larval reinfestation, were as high as usually observed in other tick populations. A very high kill resulted from spraying the toxaphene-resistant ticks with 0.05 per cent. w/v diazinon. Subcutaneous injections of peanut oil solutions of lindane, dieldrin, and aldrin at the rate of 25 mg toxicant/kg host body weight were without effect on toxaphene-resistant ticks.

Dieldrin-resistant cattle ticks, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) in Queensland

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Stone ◽  
RAJ Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Cattle Ticks

Infestation by cattle ticks in a herd a t Mt. Gravatt, near Brisbane, in southern Queensland, could not be controlled by repeated spraying of the cattle with 0.05 per cent. w/v dieldrin. Ninety-eight per cent. of engorged females of this strain, which fell from an artificially infested beast in the 48 hr following spraying with 0.05 per cent. w/v dieldrin, laid normal batches of viable eggs. Spraying cattle with 0.05 per cent. w/v "Diazinon", however, readily controlled infestation by this strain. Laboratory concentration-response tests on a culture of the dieldrin-resistant ticks indicated that the median lethal concentration of dieldrin for the larvae was over 2000 times higher than for those of a reference strain. There was also strong evidence from laboratory tests of dieldrin resistance in the engorged adult female ticks.

Arsenic resistance in a strain of cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) from Northern NSW.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Hitchcock ◽  
WJ Roulston
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Arsenic Resistance ◽  
South Wales

Laboratory trials were carried out with ticks of a northern New South Wales strain which had proved impossible to control by dipping in 0.2 per cent. As2O3. The concentration of arsenic required to prevent 50 per cent. of engorged female ticks of this strain from laying viable eggs was found to be approximately double that for females of a reference strain. The median lethal concentration of arsenic for larvae of the northern New South Wales strain was also found to be approximately double that for larvae of the reference strain.

Cattle ticks, Boophilus microplus, resistant to DDT, BHC, and Dieldrin

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Stone ◽  
LG Webber
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Injection Method ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ddt Resistance

Cattle ticks on a property in central Queensland, where there had been a previous history of DDT-resistance, were not readily controlled by dipping infested cattle in 0.05 per cent. w/v gamma-BHC or 0.05 per cent. w/v dieldrin after these chemicals had been in use for 10 and 4 months respectively. Spraying of steers artificially infested with ticks taken from this property 9 months later, indicated resistance to DDT and dieldrin, but not to "Diazinon". Immersion tests with larvae and engorged adult females of this strain showed them to be respectively about 9 and 20 times as resistant to DDT as those of a susceptible reference strain. The engorged females were shown to be more than 700 times as resistant to dieldrin. When tested by an injection method, the engorged adult females of this strain showed a resistance to DDT and dieldrin of 5 and 12 times respectively, some resistance to BHC, but no resistance to Bayer 21/199. Similarly tested engorged adult females of another strain taken from the property 15 months later showed a resistance to DDT of 8 times.

scholarly journals In Vitro Detection of Acaricidal Resistance Status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against Commercial Preparation of Deltamethrin in Coastal Areas of South Gujarat, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Dharmesh C Patel ◽  
Jayesh B Solanki ◽  
Niranjan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Method ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Commercial Preparation

A total of 2617 bovines (1682 cattle and 935 buffaloes) of coastal districts (Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad) of South Gujarat were screened for tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the most economically important ectoparasite of bovines worldwide. Farmers chiefly relied on chemical acaricides (67.52%) to kill the ticks, and under chemical method 44.09, 24.17, 30.50 and 1.24 % animals had received cypermethrin, deltamethrin, ivermectin and fipronil, respectively, thus favouring the resistance. In adult immersion test (AIT), the median lethal concentration (LC50) was 144.23, 93.97, 141.67 and 57.89 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was I in Valsad and II in other 3 districts for deltamethrin in AIT. In larval packet test (LPT), the median LC50 was 297.29, 126.81, 127.83 and 93.92 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was III in Bharuch and II in other district in LPT.

The effects of some chlorinated hydrocarbons as systemic acaricides against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Roulston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Systemic Effect ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Blood Samples

Subcutaneous injections of cattle with lindane, dieldrin, and aldrin solutions in peanut oil at the rate of 25 mg toxicant/kg body weight produced marked effects on infestations of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). The numbers of ticks present at the time of the injection declined, but many developed to maturity. The most striking effect was the prevention of establishment of seed ticks. After injection, the average period of freedom from larvae for the lindane- and dieldrin-treated animals was from the 7th to the 22nd day and from the 12th to the 25th day respectively. For the aldrin-treated group there was a minimum number of larvae from the 16th to the 27th day. Dieldrin and aldrin continued to affect the reinfesting ticks even after they were able to establish as larvae, and the first appearance of each succeeding life history stage was progressively postponed. Animals injected with lindane exhibited their first persistent reinfestation of young adult ticks on the average 43 days after injection, dieldrin-injected animals 67 days after injection, and aldrin-injected aninlals more than 80 days after injection. Lindane was detected in the hair of injected cattle in three out of four experiments, but could not be detected in skin and blood samples. DDT injections at 25 mg/kg were without effect, and DDT could not be detected in skin, hair, and blood samples. Toxaphene, diazinon, and malathion produced no systemic effects on ticks when injected subcutaneously into cattle at 25 mg/kg. Isodrin likewise produced no systemic effect on ticks when injected into cattle a t the rates of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg. Endrin at 5 mg/kg was also ineffective, but two animals injected respectively with 10 and 15 mg/kg endrin died. Compound L13/59, an organic phosphorus acaricide, produced no effect on ticks when administered orally to cattle at rates up to 50 mg/kg. Inunction of the neck of cattle with peanut oil solutions of lindane and dieldrin at the rate of 26 mg toxicant/kg body weight resulted in marked mortality of ticks over the entire body region, suggesting penetration of the skin and systemic effect from these toxicants. The lindane-anointed animal was free from larval ticks from the 3rd to the 11th day after treatment, and the dieldrin-anointed animal from the 3rd to the 21st day. Similar treatments with aldrin and DDT at 25 mg/kg were without systemic effect on the ticks. Although these results of injection are promising, the technique cannot yet be recommended for general use.

scholarly journals Brain Cholinesterase Activity and Its Inheritance in Cattle Tick (Boophilus Microplus) Strains Resistant and Susceptible to Organophosphorus Acaricides

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Stone
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Biochemical Method ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Homozygous Resistant ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of individual cattle ticks, B. microplus, of an organophosphorus-resistant strain were compared with those of a standard reference strain. When measured by a histochemical-densitometric method on photographic transparencies and by a biochemical method, brains from homozygous resistant adult female ticks had about 12% of the AChE activity of brains from homozygous susceptible ticks_ Brains of hybrid adult females had about 78%, histochemically and biochemically, of the AChE activity of their susceptible parents, indicating that low AChE activity was incompletely recessive although the associated resistance to organophosphorus compounds had been shown previously to be incompletely dominant_

scholarly journals Antihypertensive Efficacy of Fixed Combination of Amlodipine and Ramipril in Patients with Arterial Hypertension and Very High Cardiovascular Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-845
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Korennova ◽  
S. P. Podolnaya ◽  
E. P. Prihodko ◽  
E. A. Turusheva ◽  
S. N. Starinskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Fixed Combination ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Antihypertensive Efficacy ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Coronary Artery Stenting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

Aim. To evaluate the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of amlodipine and ramipril in hypertensive patients with very high cardiovascular risk. Material and methods. A retrospective cohort study of real clinical practice of prescribing antihypertensive drugs according to 255 medical records of outpatient hypertensive patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and coronary artery stenting was performed in the first part. An open observational study was performed in the second part. 69 people older than 18 years with a history of ACS and coronary artery stenting, without reaching the target blood pressure (BP) level while using free combinations of antihypertensive drugs and with indications for a fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine were included into the study. Analysis of self-monitoring of BP, office BP, daily BP monitoring (ABPM) and patients’ adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green test) initially, after 4 and after 12 weeks of taking the fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine was performed to assess the clinical efficacy of the studied drug. Results. It was found that 42.0% of patients did not follow the recommendations for regular intake of antihypertensive drugs. So, hypertension of all patients regarded as false-refractory, which was the basis for the prescription of the fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine in accordance with clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. After 4 weeks of therapy, there was significant decrease in office BP with the achievement and preservation of the target level by the 12th week, normalization to the 12th week of day and night BP variability in 54.9% of patients. 78.0% of patients followed medical recommendations for regular administration of antihypertensive drugs, none of the patients had adverse events. Conclusion. The use of fixed combinations of drugs, in particular, amlodipine and ramipril as a part of multicomponent therapy in hypertensive patients with very high cardiovascular risk, led to the achievement of target BP by the 4th week of therapy and stable preservation of antihypertensive effect in 12 weeks of treatment as well as gradual normalization of day and night BP variability in more than half of patients. Fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine allowed to improve adherence of patients to cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals AB0420 RISK OF DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1510.2-1510
Author(s):  
L. Kondrateva ◽  
T. Popkova ◽  
E. Nasonov ◽  
A. Lila
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systemic Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Very High

Background:Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have higher than in general population prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of developing type 2 DM, however routine measurement of insulin levels for DM risk assessment is uncomfortable in daily clinical practice. International Diabetes Federation recommends the use of patient questionnaires to quickly identify people who may be at a higher risk of DM development.Objectives:To determine the 10-years risk of developing type 2 DM in SLE patients using dedicated questionnaire - Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Form (FINDRISK) data.Methods:The study included 92 SLE patients without DM (83 women, 9 men, 39 [34; 47] years old). The median disease duration was 6 [2,14] years, SLEDAI-2K was 4[2;8]. SLE pts were treated with glucocorticoids (GC) (89%) and hydroxychloroquine (78%), immunosuppressive drugs (28%) and biological agents (10%). The control group consisted of 88 subjects without systemic rheumatic diseases, inflammatory arthritis or DM, matched by age and sex with SLE patients. Eight items of FINDRISK questionnaire (age, overweight, abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity, eating habits, history of antihypertensive drugs treatment, history of hyperglycemia) were taken into account to calculate the total risk score (TS). The risk of developing DM within following 10 years is regarded as low (1%) or slightly elevated (4%) with TS ≤11 points, as moderate (17%), high (33%) or very high (50%) with TS ≥12 points.Results:The risk of developing DM was low or slightly elevated in 65 (71%) SLE pts and moderate, high or very high in 27 (29%) pts. The difference was significant compared with the control group, in which 76 (86%) subjects had a low or slightly elevated risk and 12 (14%) had a moderate, high or very high risk (p=0,01). The number of risk factors (4[2;5]) and the median TS of SLE pts (9[5;12] points) were higher than values in control subjects (3[2,4] factors and 6[3;9] points, respectively) (p<0,01 for both). DM risk factors profiles were similar in two groups, except for higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (66% vs 41%, p<0,01) and history of antihypertensive drugs treatment (57% vs 17%, p<0,01) in SLE. There were positive correlations between TS and CRP levels (r=0,25, p=0,02), SLICC (r=0,36, p<0,01), HAQ (r=0,29, p<0,01), and negative correlations between TS and SLEDAI-2K (r= -0,32, p<0,01), glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI (r=-0,23, p=0,03). Current GC use had no influence on TS values in SLE.Conclusion:Patients with SLE were more likely than individuals without systemic rheumatic diseases to have a moderate, high and very high risk of developing DM, and therefore, required interventions to prevent the metabolic disease. Increased risk of developing DM was associated with most common traditional factors, especially by abdominal obesity and regular use of antihypertensive drugs that can be considered a kind of equivalent to the presence of hypertension. Curtain contribution of inflammation, lupus activity and irreversible damage index can’t be ignored. Clarification of SLE-specific phenomena in DM pathogenesis requires further research.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared

scholarly journals Multi-Locus Selection and the Structure of Variation at the white Gene of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Kirby ◽  
Wolfgang Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
White Gene ◽  
Transcriptional Unit ◽  
North American Population ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Locus Selection ◽  
Neutral Equilibrium ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

Abstract We surveyed sequence variation and divergence for the entire 5972-bp transcriptional unit of the white gene in 15 lines of Drosophila melanogaster and one line of D. simulans. We found a very high degree of haplotypic structuring for the polymorphisms in the 3′ half of the gene, as opposed to the polymorphisms in the 5′ half. To determine the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for this pattern, we sequenced a 1612-bp segment of the white gene from an additional 33 lines of D. melanogaster from a European and a North American population. This 1612-bp segment encompasses an 834bp region of the white gene in which the polymorphisms form high frequency haplotypes that cannot be explained by a neutral equilibrium model of molecular evolution. The small number of recombinants in the 834bp region suggests epistatic selection as the cause of the haplotypic structuring, while an investigation of nucleotide diversity supports a directional selection hypothesis. A multi-locus selection model that combines features from both-hypotheses and takes the recent history of D. melanogaster into account may be the best explanation for these data.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document