Under-Five Mortality Causes and Prevention

The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) represents children who die before reaching the age of 5 per 1000 live births. It is directly related to the development and economic income levels of countries. For this reason, high rates are observed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The neonatal period deserves more attention as the decline in mortality rates has recently stalled. The most common causes of death under 5 years old are acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, malaria, and birth complications. Although neonatal disorders and birth complications have recently come to the fore, among these reasons, deaths due to infections are still high in LMICs. The crucial topics in prevention are perinatal care and vaccination. Apart from these, access to medicine, food, and clean water is essential in preventing deaths under 5. For preventive services to achieve their goal, these services must reach everyone. Ending preventable child deaths is only possible by improving access to well-equipped healthcare professionals during pregnancy and childbirth, life-saving interventions such as vaccinations, breastfeeding and the provision of low-cost medicines, and access to water and sanitation, which are now lacking in low-income countries.

Female in-nest attendance predicts the number of ectoparasites in Darwin's finch species

Selection should act on parental care and favour parental investment decisions that optimize the number of offspring produced. Such predictions have been robustly tested in predation risk contexts, but less is known about alternative functions of parental care under conditions of parasitism. The avian vampire fly ( Philornis downsi ) is a myasis-causing ectoparasite accidentally introduced to the Galápagos Islands, and one of the major mortality causes in Darwin's finch nests. With an 11-year dataset spanning 21 years, we examine the relationship between parental care behaviours and number of fly larvae and pupae in Darwin's finch nests. We do so across three host species ( Camarhynchus parvulus , C. pauper , Geospiza fuliginosa ) and one hybrid Camarhynchus group. Nests with longer female brooding duration (minutes per hour spent sitting on hatchlings to provide warmth) had fewer parasites, and this effect depended on male food delivery to chicks. Neither male age nor number of nest provisioning visits were directly associated with number of parasites. While the causal mechanisms remain unknown, we provide the first empirical study showing that female brooding duration is negatively related to the number of ectoparasites in nests. We predict selection for coordinated host male and female behaviour to reduce gaps in nest attendance, especially under conditions of novel and introduced ectoparasites.

Socio-Demographic Situation in Kazakhstan: Problems of Reproduction

An increase in the birth rates and a decrease in mortality is currently one of the priority lines of the development of society. From a purely technocratic standpoint, development of the population should be based on accurate knowledge of the number of consumers and the movement of needs, without which it is impossible to solve many social problems in general. The paper addresses a question of the need to orient the economy towards the development of a person and the population as a whole. The purpose and objectives of the study were to identify the dynamics of the population size, natural increase, the main trends in the growth of birth rate, the analysis of the causes of death, including infant mortality, the study of the marriage and divorce rates, migration. In the main part of the paper, the indicators of the population size in the republic over the past 17 years and in recent years are considered, including: the main trends in population growth, factors affecting the growth and decrease in mortality, causes of infant mortality, migration balance, marriage and divorce rates, both in the republic as a whole and region-wise. In conclusion, proposals were made to create favourable conditions for the demographic growth of population of the republic. Today, the solution of problems in the field of demographic policy is becoming increasingly important. It is necessary to accurately determine the priority paths of demographic growth, taking into account the specifics of the development of the population of Kazakhstan. In the future, this would facilitate the solution of demographic problems in terms of improving the demographic situation, which will contribute to the prosperity of the whole state.

Epidemiological aspects of colorectal cancer in the world and the Republic of Uzbekistan: A literature review

Relevance: GLOBOCAN 2019 reports that colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third among mortality causes and fourth among the newly diagnosed cases in the world. CRC incidence is growing worldwide and in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Thus, in the Republic of Uzbekistan, CRC ranks 5th in the general cancer structure and 2nd in men. The purpose of the study was to make an epidemiological assessment of global trends in colorectal cancer and CRC incidence in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2018-2019. Results: Global CRC incidence and mortality trends show differences depending on territories and level of economic development. Gender differences were also revealed: CRC is more often in men, with the ratio of men to women 1.25: 0.8. Conclusions: The study of the oncoepidemiological situation on CRC in the Republic of Uzbekistan showed an upward trend that determines the need for further studies of territorial differences and the search for CRC occurrence factors

Basic data on the natural movement and morbidity of the population of the Tatar ASSR for 1910-1960.

Having been studying the natural movement of the population of the Tatar ASSR since 1935 (fertility, general and infant mortality, causes of death, natural population growth) and having comparative data for a number of previous years, we set ourselves the task of analyzing the most important demogra Physical processes in Tataria over a 50-year period of time (1910-1960, with the exception of all war years).

Blood Clotting Decreases Pulmonary Circulation during the Coronavirus Disease

Spontaneous blood clotting in pulmonary circulation caused by thrombo-inflammation is one of the main mortality causes during the COVID-19 disease. Blood clotting leads to reduced pulmonary circulation and blood oxygenation. Lung inflammation can be evaluated with noninvasive diagnostic techniques. However, the correlation of the severity of the inflammation with the pulmonary blood flow has not been established. To address this question, in this work, we develop a multiscale model taking into account the interaction of a local model of thrombus growth with 1D hemodynamics in a vessel network. Flux reduction depending on the level of lung obstruction is evaluated. In particular, the model obtains that an obstruction level of 5% leads to a 12% reduction of blood flux. The suggested approach can be used to investigate the interaction of blood clotting and flow not only in the pulmonary network but also in other complex vessel networks.

RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL, WORK-RELATED, AND SOMATIC MORBIDITY AMONG METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES WORKERS

Presently, occupational and work-related diseases make up a significant share of disability and mortality causes among the working-age population. However, to a greater extent, this is linked with the peculiarities of production rather than injuries at the workplace. In contemporary Russia, the significance of the problem is highlighted by the fact that up to 70% of metallurgical enterprises are the principal employer and mainstay of an entire town for the bulk of the employable population.

Spatial patterns of maternal mortality causes in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Background: Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one of the health indicators to see maternal survival in general and is a component in the health development index. Maternal Mortality Rate is also an important indicator of the quality of health services and the performance of the Health system.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the spatial patterns of maternal mortality based on the mortality causes in Sambas District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.Methods: This study used a descriptive and exploratory approach to be able to see the distribution of maternal mortality and the coverage of the distribution of health care facilities. A spatial pattern was carried out to analyze the distribution pattern of maternal mortality cases using the Average Nearest Neighbor.Results: The results showed that most maternal mortality causes include bleeding, pregnancy hypertension, circulation system disorders (heart, stroke), metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus), and other causes, such as pulmonary embolism. The analysis using a buffer of 3 kilometers and 5 kilometers show that not all the areas are covered by health service facilities in the Sambas district. Analysis of the mean of the nearest neighbors showed that the Nearest Neighbor ratio was 1.039398 with a z-score of 1.022396, which means that the pattern of distribution of maternal death according to the cause of death has a random pattern.Conclusion: The spatial pattern of cases of maternal death according to the cause of death in the Sambas district, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, has a random pattern. This finding can be used as a basis for decreasing the maternal mortality rate.